Section A

• What is urbanisation 


  The increase in the amount of people living in a urban areas such as towns and cities .
• where is urbanisation happening ?


  it is happening all over the world but in LICs and NEEd rates are much faster than HICs . most because of economic growth leading to increasing life expectancies.
• Causes of urbanisation 


  Push factors , pull factors , increase in birth rate , lower death rate .
• Push factors 


  Factors that encourage people to move away from a place due to natural disasters eg drought , war and conflict .
• Pull factors 


  Encourage people to move to a place . Eg more jobs , better education and health care , increased quality of life .
• Megacity 


  An urban area with over 10 million people living there , they are located in LICs or NEEs the majority are located in Asia .
• Sustainable urban living 


  Being able to live in cities in ways that do not pollute the environment and using recourses in ways that ensure future generations can also use them .
• water conservation 


  installing water metres discourages water use . duL flushes on toilets flush less water .
• energy conservation 


  promoting renewable energy sources eg , solar panels , insulation .
• creating green space 


  provide natural cooler areas for people to relax .
• Waste recycling 


  Collection of household waste
• traffic management 


  urban areas are busy places with many people travelling by different modes of transport .
• environmental problems of traffic management

  traffic increases air pollution which releases green house gases that is leading to climate change . more roads have to be built .
• economic problems of traffic management

  congestion can make people late for work . business deliveries take longer . this costs companies more money as drivers take longer to make the delivery.
• social problem of traffic management

  there is a greater risk of accidents . this is an particular problem in built up areas . congestion causes frustration . traffic creates particulates that can affect health.
• congestion solutions 


  -widen roads to allow more traffic to flow through more easily - build ring roads and bypasses to keep traffic out of city centres - introduce park and ride schemes to reduce car use . - encourage car-sharing schemes in work places. - have public transport , cycle lanes and bike hire schemes .
• distribution of population &cities in the uk

  the location of the most uk cities is linked to the availability of natural resources , or near the coasts for imports , and the subsequent location of industry during the industrial revolution .
• urban change in a major uk city : MANCHESTER 


  manchester is a city in the north west of England. The city has a population of 530 000 people . Greater manchester has a population of 2.6 million people. Manchester is a changing city affected by population growth and migration .
• MANCHESTER : city's opportunities 


  SOCIAL : the youthful means that there is a buzzing nightlife in manchester . Areas like northern quarter , spinning fields , the gay village , and dean's gate locks provide all sorts of night out .
• MANCHESTER: city's opportunities 


  ECONOMIC : the economy has changed from being reliant and typical heavy industry. And textiles to a more information , finance and media style economy. Media city generates alot of money .
• MANCHESTER : CITRYS OPPORTUNITIES 


  ENVIROMENTAL : manchester is increasing its recycling rates and the generation of renewable energy .
• MANCHESTER : city's challenges 


  SOCIAL : house prices have increased along with the greater house shortages . lack of investment in some parts of the city has led to social inequalities between different areas .
• MANCHESTER : city's challenges 


  ECONOMIC : high employment rate . This is occurring due to the rapidly increasing population and lack of jobs .
• MANCHESTER : city's challenges 


  ENVIRONMENTAL: many building that are no longer used have become derelict . demand for new homes has led to urban sprawl with new housing developments in rural areas on the edge of the city .
• Urban change in major NEE city's : rio de Janeiro 


  Situated in the east coats of brazil , surrounded by 9 different counties in south america .
• RIO DE JANERIO : city's opportunities 


  SOCIAL : Rio has 19 of the top 50 school in the country , it also has 6 universities . Healthcare has improved rapidly in comparison to other areas in brazil . 195 hospitals in rio however only 34% of them are public .
• RIO : city's opportunities 


  ECONOMIC : more jobs are available than there are in the north and north of brazil , 2nd most important industrial centre after sal paulo . the city provides 6 z of all employment in brazil . tourism in the main income of brazil .
• RIO : city's opportunities 


  ENVIRONMENTAL : huge investment in sewage work to remove waste from rio and improvement in public transport system .
• RIO : city's challenges

  SOCIAL : in brazil around 25% of the poorest children do not attend school , protests for poor health care and access to education , alongside high taxes .
• RIO : city's challenges 


  ECONOMIC : In 2015 it hit a recession , which led to high levels of unemployment .
• RIO : city's challenges

  air pollution is estimated to cause over 5000 deaths a year . rio is the most congested city in south america .
• Population distribution 


  The pattern of where people live
• population density

  the number of people per km