Development

• 3 Economic Indicatiors


  1.GNI per Capita 2.Vehicles per 1000 people 3. Energy Consumption
• 3 Social Indicators

  1. Life Expectancy 2. Literacy Rate 3. Infant Morality Rate
• Economic Pros 


  -clear indication on countrys wealth -insight on how much to invest -easier to compare countries because it is always expressed in US Dollars
• Economic Negatives


  -Wrongly assume everyone in the country has an equal share of the wealth
• Social Pros


  -Good Indication of quality of life within a country
• Social Negatives


  -Avg figures concerning Health and Education to hide variations in society -Data collection in LEDCs can be poor so accuracy questioned
• How does the HDI measure development?

  -Uses 3 indicators (GNI, mean years of schooling and LE) to make score between 0-1
• Advantages of HDI 


  -Considers both social and economic -Countries may have high levels of wealth but a low level of social welfare because the country's government does not invest into health/education so shows how they lose their wealth- same for low levels of wealth but high levels of social development -Economic measures alone can be misleading
• Disadvantages of HDI 


  -Some countries do not submit data -Due to the calculation between 0-1 "Rich" countries can do little to improve their ranking in certain categories -too much emphasis on wealth-goalposts are $163-$108,211 -Doesnt take into account ecological concerns -Doesnt include moral aspects-suicide rates?
• What does appropriate technology do?

  -Uses fewer resources -Is easily repaired by local people -Costs less to buy and run -Lower environmental impact
• When was the HWR developed

  1991 to help rural women and children bring safe,drinkable water from wells and other sources
• What does the HWR look like?

  90 Litre plastic drum with steel handle
• How is the HWR weight distributed?

  wide rolling surface-easier to roll on rough terrain
• 13cm-wide opening


  ensures it is easily filled and cleaned
• What does the HWR utility cap do?

  ensures water is hygienically dispensed
• Time benefit of HWR

  -Women and Children spend 26% of their time collecting water up to 10km away. Each HWR holds up to 5 buckets of water making more time available for education and employment
• Prevents Injuries with HWR

  90kg drum is just 10kg when rolled causing long-term neck and spinal damage
• Maintenance and Lifespan Benefits

  requires no spare parts and has a lifespan up to 10 years-ensures sustainability and long-term success in remote locations
• Hygiene Benefits 


  ensures water is hygienically stored and dispensed. This reduces risk of contamination and the spread of diseases like cholera
• Limitations of HWR 


  Costs over $100 so beyond the reach of most of the rural Africans who need them most. Most communities rely on NGOs to supply them with technology
• Historical Factor of the DG

  1.Britain took control of countries like Kenya 2. Exploitation for raw materials like timber,minerals and ores 3. Raw materials were exported and processed in the colonial power-no industry established 4. While the poor countries achieved independence they had a weak industrial base and few resources for future development 5.LEDCs had to borrow large sums from MEDCs making them dependent and pushing them into debt
• Environmental Factors of DG-Natural Hazards

  more susceptible and less prepared to deal with them due to lack of finances. Investment put away from H and E. Profit from trade decreases. Philippines and India are prone to disaster
• Environmental Factors of DG-Disease

  located in tropical areas where diseases thrive. E.G-Malaria attacks 400 million in Africa. Cost government large sums and reduce workforce effectiveness. Less money invested into H and E
• Dependency on primary activities effect on DG

  -Zambia depends on copper exports for 98% of its export earnings -price paid of primary goods fluctuates greatly -Farming is vunerable to severe weather conditions and crop failure reduces exports -fewer employed in secondary industries=fewer manufactured goods to export. -Resultingly, LEDCs often pay more for imports than they recieve for exports (trade deficit)
• Debt effect on DG

  -LEDCs have borrowed large amounts to develop industry and strengthen economies -Rising interest rates made loan repayment v difficult for LEDCs -impacts development as countries will have to sacrifice education and health programs -The world's poorest 49 Countries have debts totaling $375 billion -For 32/44 years Pakistan received loans from the IMF. Debt repayment totals 16% of government income-more than healthcare spending
• What are Sustainable Development Goals?

  set of 17 goals that aim to reduce the development gap by 31st December 2030
• Why is 'End Hunger' needed

  793 Million people are malnourished across the world
• What is being done to help 'End Hunger'

  -Investment in agriculture infastructure and technology -Supporting farmers and allowing equal access to land, technology and markets
• How will these goals reduce the DG

  -Infant Morality Rates will fall -LE will increase -The DG is reduced
• Why is 'Ensure Good Health and Wellbeing' needed

  -In 2015, 2.1 million people became infected with HIV, there were 9.6 million new cases of TB and 214 contracted malaria
• How is 'Ensure Good Health and Wellbeing' helped

  -Research/Development of medicines -Access to affordable medicines -Increase health funding -Improve support for health professionals
• Why is 'Ensure Quality Education for All' needed

  263 million children are out of school. Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia account for 70% of the out-of-school population
• How is 'Ensure Quality Education for All' done

  -Increase number of scholarships -Increase supply of teachers -Building and upgrading education facilties
• How will ensuring education for all reduce the DG

  -Literacy Rates will improve -Gender Disparities will be eliminated -The DG will reduce
• What is fairtrade about?

  better prices, decent working conditions, local sustainability and fair terms of trade for farmers and workers in the developing world.
• How is fairtrade a solution to the DG

  -gives farmers a guaranteed price for their products by setting up co-operatives -provides basic needs -profits can be invested in health, education and infrastructure --Help improve quality of life
• In Kenya 


  A cooperative involving coffee farmers have been able to invest their profits into a teacher's salary and improvements to the school building. Literacy Rates and school enrolment have both increased resulting in a higher level of development
• In St. Lucia


  a cooperative involving banana farmers has been able to pay the salary of a village doctor who preforms regular check-ups and prescribes medicines. LE has increased and IMR have fallen resulting in higher levels of development
• In India 


  The Thiashola Tea Estate Cooperative purchased a school bus allowing 50 village children to pursue their education in a school 15km away. Literacy Rates have increased resulting in a higher level of development and improved quality of life
• In Tanzia 


  The Kagera Coffee Cooperative invested profits into the installation of a clean water pipeline in the village. This has reduced the spread of waterborne diseases and increased life expectancies