270-303

• Translatory mechanism (information processing model)

  Uses the information gathered from the environment and makes the appropriate decision using past experiences
• Effector mechanism (information processing model)


  The network of nerves that sends impulses to the relevant working muscles
• Muscular system (information processing model)


  Receive the impulses and are ready to carry out the action
• Output data (information processing model)


  The movement is performed
• Feedback data (information processing model)

  Information about the movement is received. Could be intrinsic feedback or extrinsic feedback
• Working Memory Model (Baddeley & Hitch)

  • Central executive
  • Phonological loop
  • Episodic buffer
  • Visuospatial sketchpad
  • Long term memory
• Central executive


  The part of working memory that controls the slave systems
• Phonological loop


  Deals with auditory information, creates a memory trace, inner-ear
• Visuospatial sketchpad


  Holds visual and spatial information, holds kinaesthetic information, inner eye
• Episodic buffer


  Links to LTM, links all components together, co-ordinates sight, hearing & movement info to be sent to LTM
• How to ensure effective storage of information (information processing model)

  • Chunking - groups of info
  • Mental rehearsal
  • Reinforcement/rewards
  • Enjoyable/fun
  • Practice/rehearsal
  • Linking/association
• DCR


  1. Detection - stimulus is picked up

  2. Comparison- stimulus is compared to memory

  3. Recognition- stimulus is recognised and decision made
• Reaction time


  The time from the onset of the stimulus to the onset of the response
• Movement time


  The time from the onset of movement to completion of the task
• Response time


  Reaction time + movement time, the time taken from the onset of a stimulus to completion of the task
• Hicks Law


  As the number of choices increases, so does the time it takes to react
• Strategies to improve response time of a performer

  • Selective attention
  • Mental rehearsal
  • Warm up
  • Anticipate
  • Practice
• Temporal anticipation


  Predicting when the action will be performed
• Spatial anticipation


  Predicting what action is going to be performed and where
• Single channel hypothesis


  Suggests that the brain can only deal with one stimulus at a time. A bottle neck is formed when information is received in close succession & the 2nd stimulus must wait until the 1st has been processed before it can be dealt with
• Psychological refractory period


  The delay in responding to the second of two closely spaced stimuli
• Schmidt's Schema Theory


  A rule or set of rules that serves to provide the basis for a decision; in Schmidt's schema theory, an abstract representation of rules governing movement
• Schema


  A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
• Generalised motor program (GMP)


  A motor programme for a particular 'class of actions'
• Recall schema


  Stores information about and initiates the movement
• Parts of recall schema

  • Initial conditions
  • Response specifications
• Initial conditions


  Information from the environment
• Response specifications


  Information about what to do based on initial conditions
• Recognition schema


  Controls & evaluates the movement
• Parts of recognition schema

  • Sensory consequences
  • Response outcome
• Sensory consequences


  Information about the feel of the movement
• Response outcome


  Feedback about the result
• How to develop schemas

  • Varied practice
  • Give feedback to improve skill
  • Practice range of skill
  • Give praise/positive reinforcement