2.2

• Arts is one of the most significant ways in which we try to grapple with how the present unfolds
• Robert Henri: '"Art when really understood is the province of every human being. It is simply a question of doing things, anything, well. It is not an outside extra thing. When the artist is alive in any person, whatever his kind of work may be, he becomes an inventive, searching, daring self-expressing creature. He becomes interesting to other people. He disturbs, upsets, enlightens and he open ways for better understanding. Where those who are not artists are trying to close the book he opens it shows that there are more pages possible."'
• Peter Drucker: '"the real controlling resource and the absolutely decisive factor of production is neither capital, not land not labor. It is knowledge. Instead of capitalist and proletarians, the classes of the post capitalist society are the knowledge workers and the service workers."'
• One type of knowledge that fuels the 21st Century is creativity
• Jerry Saltz: '"these first artists invented a way to get the three-dimensional world into two dimensions and attach value to their own ideas. And all of the history of art flows forth from this invention."'
• The most integral development that allowed the identity of an "artist" to fully emerge is the systematization and sophistication that his world the art world-has become
• The impulse to create is at the core of human civilization, much like the impulse to communicate through language
• Early on, artists were embedded in the development of culture, and in turn, art was nurtured by the varying cultures in which it existed
• Objects created by artists

  • Ornamentation in tools and other surfaces
  • Weaving patterns in textiles
  • Visual features and the design/plan for architectural structures
  • Ritual and burial implements
  • Places and spaces where communities may gather
• Examples of objects created by artists

  • Monuments and memorials such as infamous Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington DC
  • Cave paintings
  • Pyramid of Giza
  • Stonehenge
• Magnificent structures


  • Appreciated for their historical significance
  • Appreciated for their aesthetic characteristics that render them uniqueness
• The account was that master mason Gerhard Ryle started the Cologne Cathedral project in 1248 but was only completed roughly 600 years later, claiming the record as one of the longest construction projects to date
• Guild


  A type of social fellowship, an association structured with rules, customs, rights and responsibilities
• Artisan


  Develops immense skill and expertise in his craft
• Master artisan or craftsman


  Open to hiring apprentices who would be under his instruction
• In this guild, artistry and technology flourished under one roof
• Albrecht Durer


  Born in 1471, his father was a goldsmith and he was also an apprentice but later on shifted to Visual arts. His life was ripe with travels since it was customary to travel after completing an apprenticeship to gather more experience and knowledge. He also published quite a number of books ad treatises including those that talked about practical skills which would be useful to other artisans and craftsmen who dared to read it
• Artisans first learned to depict religious images and scenes. Friars being non-artists themselves provided references the artists could use. Spanish friars commissioned a lot of artisans to carve, paint and engrave images for churches and public sites
• Each locality had their own style or feature the way their depictions made
• Project Kisame refers to a collective endeavor amongst enthusiasts and advocates who aimed to promote this art form through documentation, engagement, and appreciation of surviving ceiling paintings in more 60 churches in the Philippines
• The Church of the Most Holy Trinity in Loay, Bohol was built in 1822, the ceiling paintings were rendered trompe l'oeil style depicting biblical scenes. In 2003, it became a National Historical Landmark. This church was one of those heavily damaged during the devastating earthquake that rattled Bohol in 2013. The Bell tower was the only section of the structured which remained
• From the church, the next patrons of the arts were the new elite, the ilustrados or the middle class
• Important genres for painting at that time

  • Portrait paintings
  • Tipos del pais
  • Letra y figuras
• Tipos del pais


  Watercolor paintings that showcased the different local inhabitants of the country in different garbs, and clues to their occupation and status
• Letra y figuras


  Combined the principle of tipos del pais and incorporated it as a means to illustrate the letters of one's name or surname
• Damian Domingo of the Academia de Dibujo


  This is known as the best tipos del pais painter, this school specialized in teaching the miniaturismo style of painting along with the tenets of classical European painting. Miniaturismo style is an art showing a person in a serious motive and outlook while holding an object that tells about his/her power and status of living
• Artists claiming authorship for their works by affixing their mark onto the surfaces of their paintings were a big milestone in the history of the artist
• Artist's studio


  The extension of the artist himself. Its model dates back from the Renaissance. Therein, artists flexed their relationship with their patron as a site where negotiations and works were made. There were those whose work stations were divided into two, the studiolo and the bottega. The latter is where the work usually happened
• In France, academies and art salons became popular as they did not only support the production of art but also the discourse around them
• During the beginning of Industrial Revolution, a compendium of events release the artists from the limitations that affected the way in which they produced their works which included the availability and portability of materials. (i.e., foldable easels and paint in tubes.) And the reliance on the wealthy patrons to place a commission
• During the latter part of the 1800s, artists began to question the merits of stringent artistic training and education, but it was during the 1900s that art was truly liberated from the traditions of the past. It was then that the artists found freedom to articulate their distinct aesthetic way of creative production
• Howard Becker: '"all artistic work, like all human activity, involves the joint activity of a number, often a large number, of people…….. The work always show signs of cooperation. The forms of cooperation may be ephemeral (lasts in a short period of time), but often become more or less routine; producing patterns of collective activity we can call an art world."'
• Commercial market platforms are very important because this implies that the art world does not only rely on ideas, sentiments, and aesthetic values, but also on skills that are professionalized, stratified, and more importantly, monetized. Example of multilevel platform where different players in art world is the international art fair like the Art Basel in Hong Kong
• In complexity of art world, players are no longer limited to just artists
• Art world


  The activity of a number, often a large number, of people who either work in consent or dissension, and in doing so, continuously (re)define, (in)validate, maintain (or abolish), reproduce or circulate the "cultural category of art"
• Art world


  The work always shows signs of cooperation. The forms of cooperation may be ephemeral (lasts in a short period of time), but often become more or less routine; producing patterns of collective activity we can call an art world
• Commercial market platforms


  • They are very important because this implies that the art world does not only rely on ideas, sentiments, and aesthetic values, but also on skills that are professionalized, stratified, and more importantly, monetized
• Commercial market platforms


  • International art fair like the Art Basel in Hong Kong
• Administrative and managerial roles in the art world

  • Players are no longer limited to those who undertook formal instruction in either or both production and/or study of art
  • They can exist in either institutional or non institutional scenarios
• Administrative and managerial roles


  • Working boards
  • Directors and assistant directors
  • Managing curators
  • Other posts whose interest is the management and operations of museums, galleries and other art spaces