Lesson 3

• Antecedent


  A precursor to the unfolding or existence of something
• Knowledge of the history of science and technology is useful in appraising these innovations today
• Paradigm shift


  In science, it is a change in the basic idea or concept usually caused by new discovery/ies that no longer conforms the old concept. This change/s can also be influenced by the social, political, cultural, economic and other factors
• Sir Isaac Newton: '"If I have seen further than others, It is by standing on the shoulders of giants."'
• Scientific discoveries from the ancient times had laid the foundation that our modern-day scientists used as patterns for the new discoveries. Scientist owe their achievements from the works of their older counter parts
• Ancient period


  • The rise in ancient civilization paved the way for advances in science and technology
  • These advances during the Ancient period allowed civilizations to flourish by finding better ways of communication, transportation, self-organization, and of living in general
• Wheel


  People from ancient civilizations used animals for transportation long before the invention of the wheel. No one knows exactly who invented the wheel and when
• Potter's wheel


  • A heavy flat disk made of hardened clay which was spun horizontally on an axis
  • It is believed that the Sumerians invented the potter's wheel shortly after 3500 BC

  
• Paper


  Roughly around 3000 BC, the ancient Egyptians began writing on papyrus, a material similar to thick paper. Papyrus is made from the pith of the papyrus plant cyperus papyrus. It is lightweight, strong, durable, and most importantly, portable
• Shadoof


  • The shadoof was an early tool invented and used by ancient Egyptians to irrigate land. It is a hand-operated device used for lifting water
  • Its invention introduced the idea of lifting things using counterweights
  • The shadoof is also believed to be an ancient precursor of more sophisticated irrigation tools
• Antikythera mechanism


  • Discovered in 1902 and retrieved from the waters of Antikythera, Greece, the Antikythera mechanism is similar to a mantel clock
  • It is akin to a clock in the way that the case has a circular face and rotating hands. A knob on the side makes it possible for it to be wound forward or backward. As this knob moves forward or backward, its mechanism allows it to display celestial time
  • It is widely believed that the Antikythera mechanism was used to predict astronomical positions and eclipses for calendar and astrological purposes. It was invented by Greek scientists between 150-100 BC

  
• Aeolipile


  • Also known as the Hero's engine; the aeolipile is widely believed to be the ancient precursor of the steam engine
  • Hero of Alexandria is credited for the demonstration of the use of the aeolipile during the 1st century AD
  • The aeolipile is a steam-powered turbine which spun when the water container at its center was heated, thus making it practically the first rudimentary steam engine

  
• Middle Ages


  • Between the collapse of the Roman Empire in 5th century AD and the colonial expansion of Western Europe in late 15th century AD, major advances in scientific and technological development took place
• Heavy plough


  • Through the invention of the heavy plough, it became possible to harness clay soil
  • The heavy plough stirred an agricultural revolution in Northern Europe marked by higher and healthier agricultural yields and more efficient agricultural practices
• Gunpowder


  • Around 850 AD, Chinese alchemists accidentally invented black powder or gunpowder
  • Towards the end of the 13th century, the explosive invention crept into most parts of Europe and Asia. Since its invention, the gunpowder has allowed for more advanced warfare
• Paper money


  • Not until the 17th century that bank notes began to be used in Europe, the first known versions of paper money could be traced back to the Chinese in 17th century AD as an offshoot of the invention of block printing, which is similar to stamping
  • Before the introduction of paper money, precious metals, such as gold and silver were used as currency
  • When the Mongols attempted to introduce paper money into the Middle East market in the 13th century, it did not gain immediate success. But traders and merchants eventually realized the huge advantage of using paper money because it was easier to transport around compared to the previous forms of currencies

  
• Mechanical clock


  • The development of mechanical clocks paved the way for accurately keeping track of time
  • The sophistication of clockwork technology of the mechanical clock drastically changed the way days were spent and work patterns were established, particularly in the more advanced Middle Age cities

  
• Spinning wheel


  • A machine used for transforming fiber into thread or yarn and eventually woven into cloth on a loom. Although no consensus could be made regarding the origin of the spinning wheel, it is theorized that the Indians invented the spinning wheel between 6th and 11th century AD
  • According to White (1974), the invention of the spinning wheel sped up the rate at which fiber could be spun by a factor of 10 to 100 times. Thus, White argued that this invention ushered in a breakthrough in linen production when it was introduced in Europe in 13th century AD

  
• Modern Ages


  • As the world population steadily increased, people of the Modern Ages realized the utmost importance of increasing the efficiency of transportation, communication, and production. Industrialization took place with greater risks in human health, food safety, and environment which had to be addressed as scientific and technological progress unfolded at an unimaginable speed
• Compound microscope


  • In 1590, a Dutch spectacle maker Zacharias Jansen was credited for his invention together with his father, Hans Jansen
  • Janssen's compound microscope was an important progression from the single lens microscope
  • It was capable of magnifying objects three times their size when fully closed and up to ten times when extended to the maximum. Today, the compound microscope is an important instrument in many scientific studies, such as in the areas of medicine, forensic studies, tissue analysis, atomic studies, and genetics

  
• Telescope


  • The most important technological invention in the study of astronomy during the Modern Ages was the practical telescope invented by Galileo Galilei
  • This invention could magnify objects 20 times larger than the Dutch perspective glasses. It was Galileo who first used the telescope skyward and made important astronomical discoveries, and identified the presence of craters and mountains on the moon
• Jacquard loom


  • As the Industrial Revolution reached full speed, the Jacquard loom was considered as one of the most critical drivers of the revolution
  • Built by French weaver Joseph Marie Jacquard, the Jacquard loom simplifies textile manufacturing
  • Prior to the invention of the Jacquard loom, a drawloom was used which required two individuals to operate the weaver and a "drawboy" if figured designs on textiles were needed
  • In 1801, Jacquard demonstrated the ingenuity of his version of a loom in which a series of cards with punched hole automatically created complex textile designs and made mass production easier
  • Jacquard loom is also an important antecedent of modern computer technology as it demonstrated the use of punched cards to instruct a machine to carry out complex tasks, i.e., making different textile patterns
• Engine-powered airplane


  • Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright are credited for designing and successfully operating the first engine-powered aircraft
  • The Wright brothers approached the design of powered aircraft and flight scientifically
  • Orville and Wilbur proved that aircrafts could fly without airfoil-shaped wings. They demonstrated this in their original Flying Machine patent (US patent #821393), showing that slightly-tilted wings, which they referred to as aeroplanes, were the key features of a powered aircraft
• Television


  • The Scottish engineer John Logie Baird is largely credited for the invention of the modern television
  • Baird successfully televised objects in outline in 1924, recognizable human faces in 1925, and moving objects in 1926, and projected colored images in 1928
  • The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) used this for its earliest television programming in 1929. Despite being the first television invented, Baird's television was later on criticized for its fuzzy and flickering images, primarily because it was mechanical compared to electronic versions that were developed much later
• Filipino inventions


  • Yoyo used by the natives as a combat weapon against Spaniards (1920, Pedro Flores patented and put up yoyo manufacturing Co. in the US)
  • Banana Catsup (Maria Orosa Ylagan)
  • Patis or Fish Sauce (Ruperta David also known as Aling Tentay)
  • Medical Incubator (Dr. Fe Del Mundo)
  • Erythromycin (Dr. Abelardo Aguilar)
  • Video Phone (Gregorio Zara)
  • Isolated Rice Breeds (DR. Rodolfo Aquino)
  • Lunar Rover (Edwardo San Juan)
  • 16 Bit Computer Microchip (Diosdado Banatao)
  • Sing-A-Long System (Roberto de Rosario)
  • Alco Diesel (Rudy Lantano Sr.)
  • Mole Remover (Rolando Dela Cruz)
  • Anti-cancer cream for Basal Skin Carcinoma (Rolando Dela Cruz)
• Filipino Inventors who changed the world of technology
• Intellectual revolution


  When the new ideas oppose the widely embraced and accepted beliefs by the people, paradigm shifts occurs, resulting to intellectual revolution. Several times, this new ideas caused chaos to the society, long periods of argument and disbelief, before the new ideas are accepted by the people, often times, it require other scientists to verify and support the theory or find a concrete proof to verify and validate the proposed idea
• Copernican intellectual revolution


  • Nicolai Copernicus Published his treatise De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (the Revolution of Celestial Spheres) in 1543, He proposed a new view of the world: the Heliocentric Model where the sun is the center of the solar system and not the earth as Ptolemy's geocentric view
  • Heliocentric model challenged the age long views of the way the universe worked, and initially the model was condemned by the Church authorities
  • The model attracted many critics and the system was soon accepted by the best minds of the time including Galileo
  • The model was improved by scientist like Giordano Bruno who proposed that "the universe is infinite containing many worlds like ours where intelligent beings live," and Thomas Digges who assert that "the stars are dispersed throughout the universe"
  • Johannes Kepler in 1600 proposed the orbits were instead ellipse
• Darwinian intellectual revolution


  • Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection caused intellectual ferment in mid- and late Victorian England
  • His book "The Origin of the Species (1859) cast strong doubts on the traditional belief in the origin of life, also promoted a sharp reorientation of philosophical and moral attitudes
  • Darwin's theory of evolution thereby undermined the value of traditional religion and morality because it implied that man was no more than a "talking monkey", and no God was necessary to create him
  • Darwin's theory of evolution appealed not only to eminent scientists, but also to novelist and poets
  • Many Victorian writers dramatically modified their opinions about man's origins and the physical aspect of man's existence. Thomas Hardy, were close readers of Darwin's work, adapted Darwin's ideas to his later fiction showing characters to be at the mercy of their environment, heredity and adaptability rather than more in control of fate
  • An intellectual ferment caused by the evolutionary theory led to an ongoing controversy over religion and science
• Freudian intellectual revolution


  • Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of PSYCHOANALYSIS, a clinical method for treating psychopathology
  • Freud developed the psychoanalytic theory of personality development, which argued that personality is formed through conflicts among three fundamental structures of the human mind: the id, ego, and the superego
  • One of Freud's assertion is that we are not masters of our own mind. He showed that human experience, thought, and deeds are determined not by our conscious rationality, but by irrational forces outside our conscious awareness and control
  • The primary trouble with Freud is that, while his ideas appear intriguing and even common cynical, there's very little evidence to back them up. There's no proof of the id, ego, or superego
• Antecedent


  A precursor to the unfolding or existence of something
• Knowledge of the history of science and technology is useful in appraising these innovations today
• Paradigm shift


  In science, it is a change in the basic idea or concept usually caused by new discovery/ies that no longer conforms the old concept. This change/s can also be influenced by the social, political, cultural, economic and other factors
• Sir Isaac Newton: '"If I have seen further than others, It is by standing on the shoulders of giants."'
• Scientific discoveries from the ancient times had laid the foundation that our modern-day scientists used as patterns for the new discoveries. Scientist owe their achievements from the works of their older counter parts
• Ancient period


  • The rise in ancient civilization paved the way for advances in science and technology
  • These advances during the Ancient period allowed civilizations to flourish by finding better ways of communication, transportation, self-organization, and of living in general
• Wheel


  People from ancient civilizations used animals for transportation long before the invention of the wheel. No one knows exactly who invented the wheel and when
• Potter's wheel


  • A heavy flat disk made of hardened clay which was spun horizontally on an axis
  • It is believed that the Sumerians invented the potter's wheel shortly after 3500 BC
• Paper


  Roughly around 3000 BC, the ancient Egyptians began writing on papyrus, a material similar to thick paper. Papyrus is made from the pith of the papyrus plant cyperus papyrus. It is lightweight, strong, durable, and most importantly, portable
• Shadoof


  • The shadoof was an early tool invented and used by ancient Egyptians to irrigate land. It is a hand-operated device used for lifting water
  • Its invention introduced the idea of lifting things using counterweights
  • The shadoof is also believed to be an ancient precursor of more sophisticated irrigation tools