NECK TO PELVIC

• THE NECK:

  The neck occupies the region between the skull and the thorax.

  Its upper limit being defined by an imaginary line extending from the inferior border of the symphysis mentis to the external occipital protuberance.
• Thyroid Gland – consist of two lateral lobes connected together at the lower third by a narrow

  median portion called the “isthmus”
• Parathyroid Glands – are found embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. Typically there are two small oval glands on each lobe.
• Pharynx/Throat – serves as the passage of both air and food and is common to the respiratory and digestive systems.
• LARYNX – is the organ of voice. It serves also as the air passage between the pharynx and the trachea.
• Larynx is composed of 9 Cartilages:

  3 Single 3 Paired

  Epiglottis Arytenoid

  Thyroid cartilage Corniculate

  Cricoid cartilage Cuneiform
• Epiglottis – is a flat leaf-like plate of cartilage with free upper border that projects back from the anterior wall of the pharynx below the root of the tongue.
• Thyroid Cartilage – is the largest of its group which forms the laryngeal

  prominence or the “Adams apple” at the level of C5.
• Cricoid Cartilage – is the second largest of the group and is connected to the first ring of the trachea.
• The Thoracic cage is formed in the midline behind the twelve thoracic vertebrae, by a sternum in front. 12

  pairs of ribs and 12 pairs of costal cartilages complete the

  framework behind, laterally and in front
• Sternum- is a typical flat bone, is a result of the fusion of three

  bones—the manubrium, body and xiphoid process. It is attached

  to the 1st seven pairs of ribs.
• Manubrium – is the upper segment which in early life is separated

  from the body by cartilage but later it fuses with the body.
• Body of the Sternum/ Gladiolus – is that part that extend from the

  manubrium to the Xiphoid process
• Xiphoid / Ensiform Process – is the lower pointed end below the

  body at the level of T10.
• Supra-Sternal / Jugular Notch – is the concave upper border of the manubrium at

  the level of T3.
• Clavicular Notches – are depressions found at each lateral border of the suprasternal notch.
• Costal Notches – are depressions on each lateral margin of the sternum which

  articulate with the costal cartilages.
• Sternal Angle / Angle of Lewis – is the prominent transverse ridge at the junction of the manubrium and the body of the sternum at the level of T4-T5.
• Ribs – are flat curved bones

  that form part of the posterior wall, the entire lateral wall and part of the anterior wall of the thorax.
• The Upper seven (7) pairs have separate costal cartilages which articulate with the costal notches on each side of the sternum and are called “True Ribs”.
• The Lower five (5) pairs are called “False Ribs”
• The eleventh and twelfth ribs have short costal cartilages which are unattached at their anterior ends and so they are called “Floating Ribs” that falls at the approximate level of L3.
• Head –part of the rib that is the slightly expanded posterior end which articulate with the pits on

  the adjacent border of the vertebra
• Neck – Part of the rib that is the slightly constricted part lateral to the head
• Tubercle – is a small prominence lateral to the neck. It forms a joint with the anterior surface of the adjacent transverse process of a vertebra.
• Articular Facet – are two pits on the head of the rib that

  articulate with a facet on a single vertebral body.
• Shaft – is a long flat, curved part that passes from the neck around the chest wall.
• Anterior or Sternal End – part that articulate with the costal cartilage.
• Absence of a rib – one or more ribs maybe absent on one or both sides.
• The abdomen extends from the undersurface of the diaphragm to the pelvic brim.
• These lines divide the Abdomen into FOUR

  QUADRANTS:

  1. Right Upper Quadrant

  (RUQ)

  2. Left Upper Quadrant

  (LUQ)

  3. Right Lower Quadrant

  (RLQ)

  4. Left Lower Quadrant

  (LLQ)
• Lumen – is the cavity in any hollow organ.
• Peritoneum – is a thin layer of epithelium which lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities and is reflected over the surface of most abdominal organs.
• 1. Outer or Parietal Layer – closely adheres to the abdominal and greater pelvic walls and to the undersurface of the diaphragm.
• Inner or Visceral Layer – is reflected over or around the contained organs and form folds called the “mesentery” and “omentum” which serves to support the

  viscera in position.
• 3. Mesentery – is a double layer of peritoneum that extends from the posterior abdominal wall to some of the abdominal organs
• Omentum – term used to describe a fold of peritoneum between various abdominal organs.
• Pelvis/Hip Bone/Os Coxae/Os Innominatum/ Innominate Bone – is a hollow, bent cylinder with bony walls located at the lower end of the vertebral column and is consist of 3 parts:

  1. Ilium
  2. Ischium
  3. Pubis
• Acetabulum – is a cup-shaped cavity or socket

  on the outer surface of the Innominate bone at

  the junction of its three parts that accommodate the femoral head and forming the hip joint.
• Obturator Foramen – is a large opening in the

  lower part of the Innominate bone where its margins are formed by the rami of the ischium and of the pubis. Is the largest foramen in the human skeletal system