FINALS LEC (COMPILED)

• Bacteriology


  The study of single-celled microorganisms that lack a true nucleus
• The key word in the definition of bacteriology is "lack a true nucleus"
• Key historical figures in bacteriology

  • Hippocrates (460-370 BC)
  • Aristotle (384-322 BC)
  • Hans and Zacharias Janssen (1950)
  • Robert Hooke (1660)
  • Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1676)
  • Francesco Redi (1688)
  • Agostino Bassi de Lodi (1835)
  • Theodor Schwann (1836)
  • Louis Pasteur (1861)
  • Robert Koch (1876)
  • Von Behring and Kitasato (1890)
  • Edward Jenner
  • Joseph Lister
  • Hans Christian Gram
  • Jules Bordet
  • Friedrich Loeffler
  • Alexander Flemming
• Hippocrates


  • Father of Medicine
  • Founder of Medical Ethics
• Aristotle's Spontaneous Generation Theory


  States that living organisms could develop from non-living materials
• Hans and Zacharias Janssen


  Dutch lens grinders who invented the first compound microscope
• Robert Hooke published "Micrographia" in 1660
• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek


  • Father of Microbiology
  • Invented the first microscope
• Francesco Redi refuted the idea of spontaneous generation by showing that rotting meat carefully kept from flies will not spontaneously produce maggots
• Agostino Bassi de Lodi showed that a disease affecting silkworms was caused by a fungus, which was the first microorganism recognized as a contagious agent of animal disease
• Theodor Schwann helped develop the "Cell Theory"
• Louis Pasteur disproved the Spontaneous Generation Theory and proposed the "Germ Theory of Disease"
• Robert Koch


  • Father of Bacteriologic Technique
  • Proposed Koch's Postulates in 1884
• Koch's Postulates


  1. The agent must be present in every case of the disease

  2. The agent must be isolated and cultured in vitro

  3. The disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of the agent is inoculated into a susceptible host

  4. The agent must be recoverable from the experimentally-infected host
• Von Behring and Kitasato discovered that injection of animals with bacterial toxin would result in the production of a substance in the blood capable of preventing a disease which led to the development of vaccines
• Edward Jenner


  Father of Immunology
• Joseph Lister


  Founded Aseptic Surgery, which is very important in Bacteriology
• Hans Christian Gram employed Gram's staining for microscopic bacterial cell differentiation
• Jules Bordet discovered Bordetella pertussis as the causative agent for whooping cough
• Friedrich Loeffler cultivated Kleb's Loeffler's bacilli
• Alexander Flemming discovered Penicillin from mold "Penicillum nolatum"
• Microbial Taxonomy


  Orderly classification and grouping of organisms into "taxa" or categories
• Taxon + Nomos = Law of arrangement of microorganisms
• 3 Categories of Taxonomy

  • Classification
  • Nomenclature
  • Identification
• Formal Ranks in Linnaean Taxonomy

  • Domain
  • Kingdom
  • Division or Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species or Epithet
  • Subtype
• Species


  Most basic taxonomic group, further divided into subspecies, serovarieties, and biovarieties
• Binomial Nomenclature


  System of naming organisms with a genus and species name
• Rules for Binomial Nomenclature


  • 1st letter of family name is capitalized and has an -aceae ending
  • 1st letter of genus name is capitalized
  • Species name begins with lower case letter
  • Genus and species should be italicized or underlined
  • Abbreviation is 1st letter of genus followed by period and species name
  • First syllable of first 2 letters used when 2 or more genera names begin with the same first letter
• Classification of Bacteria


  • Phenotypic Characteristics
  • Genotypic Characteristics
• Cellular Types


  • Prokaryotes
  • Eukaryotes
  • Archaeobacteria
• Differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

  • Size
  • Nucleus
  • Genome
  • Chromosomal DNA
  • Extrachromosomal DNA
  • Reproduction
  • Membrane-bound Organelles
  • Lysosomes
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
  • Electron Transport for Energy
  • Sterols in Cytoplasmic Membrane
  • Plasma Membrane
  • Cell Wall
  • Glycocalyx
  • Cilia
  • Flagella
• Prokaryotic/Bacterial Cell Structures


  • Nucleus
  • Mesosome
  • Ribosomes
  • Cytoplasmic Granules/Inclusion Bodies
• Babes-Ernst Bodies/Volutin Granules/Metachromatic Granules


  Storage deposits of polysaccharides found in Corynebacterium diptheriae
• Endospores


  Found in Bacillus and Clostridium, contain calcium dipicolinate or dipicolinic acid
• Cell Envelope Structures


  • Plasma Membrane (Cell Membrane)
  • Cell Wall (Murein Layer)
  • Gram-Positive Cell Wall
  • Capsule
  • Slime Layer
• Gram-Positive Cell Wall


  Thicker, contains teichoic acid. Maintains osmotic pressure and can undergo plasmolysis and plasmoptysis.
• Gram-Negative Outer Membrane


  Serves as primary permeability barrier to hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds
• Cell Appendages


  • Flagella
  • Pili
  • Fimbriae
• Classification of Flagella


  • Atrichous - no flagellum
  • Monotrichous - single flagellum at one pole
  • Amphitrichous - flagellum on both poles
  • Lophotrichous - bundle of flagella at one or both poles
  • Peritrichous - flagella surround the entire organism
• Pili


  Non-motile, long, hollow protein tubes that connect bacterial cells. Two types: sex/fertility pili and somatic/common pili.