BIO EXAM

• contains most of the organelles of a neuron?

  cell body
• highly branched extensions of the neuron that receive signals from other cells?

  dendrites
• a longer extension that transmits signals to synapses?

  axon
• cone-shaped based of an axon?

  axon hillock
• a junction between an axon and another neuron?

  synapse
• part of each axon branch that forms this specialized junction?

  synaptic terminal
• transmit information from external and internal stimuli?

  sensory neurons
• responsible for the integration of sensory input?

  interneurons
• transmit signals to muscle cells, causing them to contract?

  motor neurons
• sorting, processing, and integration take place?

  central nervous system
• what does the central nervous system have?

  brain, ganglia
• carries information in and out if the central nervous system?

  peripheral nervous system
• main contributor to the membrane potential?

  presence of ion channels
• spores that span across the plasma membrane?

  ion channels
• what allows ions to diffuse back and forth across the membrane?

  ion channels
• what do ion channels convert?

  chemical potential to electrical potential
• what permeability is in the ion channels?

  selective permeability
• when the concentration of KCl is higher in the inner chamber and lower in the outer chamber?

  membrane selectively permeable to K+
• when the concentration of NaCl is higher in the outer chamber and lower in the inner chamber?

  membrane selectively permeable to Na+
• what occurs in the axon hillock?

  action potential
• what does an electric current depolarize in action potential?

  neighboring regions
• where does the action potential travel only towards?

  synaptic terminals
• K+ channels open, K+ diffuse out. Making the inside of the cell more negative?

  hyperpolarization
• an increase in the magnitude of the membrane potential?

  hyperpolarization
• what does the opening of other channels trigger?

  depolarization
• a reduction in the magnitude of the membrane potential?

  depolarization
• where does the electric current flow from one neuron to another through gap junctions?

  electrical synapses
• where does a chemical neurotransmitter carry information between neurons?

  chemical synapses
• what happens to the neurotransmitters when the action potential reaches the synaptic terminal?

  into synaptic cleft
• what is the junction between neurons?

  synaptic cleft
• what receives the neurotransmitter that diffuse across the synaptic cleft?

  postsynaptic cell
• polarization that bring the membrane potential toward the threshold?

  excitatory postsynaptic potentials
• hyperpolarization that move the membrane potential further from the threshold?

  inhibitory postsynaptic potential
• what is a molecule secreted by the body that stimulates a response?

  hormone
• hormones that reach the target cell through the bloodstream?

  endocrine signaling
• hormones reach the target cells through diffusion?

  paracrine signaling
• hormones that target the sender of the cell?

  autocrine signaling
• hormones that reach their target through synapses?

  synaptic signaling
• cells that come from a synapse and go through blood vessels?

  neuroendocrine signaling
• how are water-soluble hormones secreted?


  exocytosis to bloodstream to binding