Biology 10

• Principles of cell theory


  • All organisms are made from one or more cells
  • Cells are the smallest unit of life
  • All cells come from pre-existing cells
• Microscopes


  Light microscopes, scanning electron microscopes, and transmission electron microscopes

  
• Parts of a light microscope

  • Eyepiece
  • Nosepiece
  • Low power objective lens
  • Medium power objective lens
  • High power objective lens
  • Stage clips
  • Coarse adjustment
  • Diaphragm
  • Fine adjustment
• Microscope skill: Unit conversions


  1. Kilometer

  2. Meter

  3. Decimeter

  4. Centimeter

  5. Millimeter

  6. Micrometer

  7. Nanometer

  8. Picometer

  
• Microscope skill: Magnification


  Total magnification = Power of ocular lens x Power of objective lens
• Microscope skill: Field of view

  1. Measure field diameter

  2. Convert field diameter to micrometers

  3. Calculate total magnification

  
• Microscope skill: Estimating size of objects viewed

  1. Identify size (length or width)

  2. Estimate 'fit number'

  3. Use formula to calculate estimated actual size
• What is the cell theory

  -All organisms are made up of cells

  -Cells are the smallest unit of life

  -All cells come from pre existing cells
• What Scientist Co-founded the cell theory

  -Theodore Schwann

  -Matthias Schleiden

  -Rudolf Virchow
• Light microscopes 


  -Shine light though a thin sample

  -Samples are usually stained colours to see details
• Scanning Electrons Microscopes


  -bombards the sample with electrons
• Transmission Electron Microscopes


  -Sends a beam of electrons that is transmitted through an ultra thin specimen
• what is contrast


  Used in a bright field microscopy, where light passes straight through a specimen
• Resolution/Resolving Power


  is the ability to distinguish between to very close points
• Name the part of the microscopes under 1.

  Tube

  
• Name the piece labelled under 2.

  Revolving Nose Piece

  
• Name the part labeled under 3.

  Low Power Objective Lens

  
• Name the part labeled under 4.

  Medium Power Objective lens

  
• Name the part labeled under 5.

  High Power Objective Lens
• Name the part labeled under 6.

  Stage Clips

  
• Name the part labeled under 7.

  Diaphragm

  
• Name the part labeled under 8.

  Light

  
• Name the part labeled under 9.

  Eye Piece

  
• Name the part labeled under 10.

  Arm

  
• Name the part labeled under 11.

  Stage

  
• Name the part labeled under 12.

  Course adjustment

  
• Name the part labeled under 14.

  Base

  
• 1 millimeter is equal to

  1000 micro meters
• Size of object is equal to…

  field of view divided by fit number
• Magnification equals…

  Drawing size divided by Actual size
• What do cells need to stay alive

  -Intake Nutrients

  -Move

  -Grow

  -Respond to the environment

  -Exchange gases

  -Remove Waste

  -Reproduce
• What is cytoplasm

  A gel like fluid inside the cell
• Nucleus


  -Contains DNA of the Cell

  -Surrounded by the nuclear membrane (which has pores)

  
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum


  -Helps make carbohydrates and fats

  -Synthesis's fats

  -hormones

  -lacks ribosomes

  
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum


  -surrounded by ribosomes

  -makes proteins

  
• Ribosome 


  -Assembles proteins

  
• Golgi apparatus


  -Fold proteins

  -Packages materials for transport. Secretion outside the cell

  
• Lysosomes 


  -Contains digestive enzymes

  -Helps destroys invading pathogens

  -helps breakdown substances

  
• Vacuoles and vesicles


  -Fills with water

  -Water storage

  -Helps with plant cell turgidity

  -Larger in plant cells

  
• Cell membrane


  -Made from double phospholipid membrane

  -Outside is polar

  -Fatty acids are non-polar

  -makes a good barrier

  -Prevents materials from entering or leaving