Bonding

• What is a covalent bond?

  A chemical bond formed when two or atoms share electrons.
• What is an isotope?


  Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
• What is ionic bonding?


  bonds that have electrostatic attraction. When oppositely charged ions form an ionic bond you get an ionic compound.
• Covenant bond defention

  A chemical bond formed when electrons are shared between two atoms. Usually each atom contributes one electron to form a pair of electrons that are shared by both atoms.
• Ionic bond definition

  The metal atoms become positive ions and the non-metal atoms become negative ions. There is a strong electrostatic. force of attraction between these oppositely charged ions
• what is the difference between ionic and covalent bonds

  In ionic bonding, one atom donates electrons to the other. In covalent bonding, the two atoms share electrons. Covalent bonds share electrons and ionic bonds donate electrons.
• Explain why diamond has a very high melting point.


  (covalent) bonds are strong (and many covalent) bonds

  must be broken

  (so) a lot of energy is required
• how can you use isotopes to calculate the relative atomic mass

  sum of (isotope abundance x isotope mass number) / sum of abundance of all isotopes
• what bonding involves 2 metals

  metallic bonding
• what bonding involves 2 non metals


  Covalent bonding
• what bonding involves a metal and a non-metal

  ionic bonding
• a metal bond with a non-metal is an example of ionic bonding. sodium had 1 electron in its outer shell so it gives 1 electron to chlorine to fill chlorine's outer shell and give itself a full outer shell

  
• during ionic bonding between a metal and non metal both elements need a full outer shell. here lithium gives an electron to fluorine to give both elements a full outer shell.

  A) 1

  B) 1
• Here is an example of a covelant bond. they both share electrons so that all 3 elements involved have a full outer shell.

  
• Simple vs giant covelant bonding

  simple molecules, which contain a set number of atoms joined by covalent bonds. giant covalent. substances, which contain many atoms joined by covalent bonds

  
• structure of an atom...

  atom shells have a structure of 2 in the first shell then 8 in the following 2. (2,8,8)
• how to remember if the change is + or -

  think of it as a negative friend. if you lose a negative friend to have a full outer shell you become positive as you lost a negative friend.
• Explain why metals can conduct electricity.

  Metals conduct electricity because they have delocalised electrons. These carry electrical charge through the metal.
• Name the type of bonding in compounds formed between metals and non-metals

  Ionic bond
• Describe the structure and bonding of diamond.

  Diamond is organised in a giant lattice structure with strong covalent bonds between carbon atoms. Each carbon atom forms 4 bonds. Explanation: Each carbon atom has four electrons in its outer shell, all of which form covalent bonds which are strong and hard to break.
• What shape is a Buckminsterfullerene molecule?


  spheroidal molecule
• give a use of a fullerene


  carrier for gene and drug delivery systems.
• what is a fullerene


  A fullerene is an allotrope of carbon whose molecules consist of carbon atoms connected by single and double bonds 
• what is an allotrope?

  Allotropes are different forms of the same element, in the same state. 
• examples of allotropes


  the allotropes of carbon include diamond (the carbon atoms are bonded together to form a cubic lattice of tetrahedra), graphite (the carbon atoms are bonded together in sheets of a hexagonal lattice), graphene (single sheets of graphite), and fullerenes.
• why would graphite be unsuitable to make wires?


  Graphite is unsuitable for making wires because its low conductivity would waste energy, its brittleness means it would easily break, its high resistance causes overheating, and it degrades at high temperatures, making it unsafe and inefficient for electrical wiring.
• why is copper good for wires?


  Copper is good for making wires because its metallic bonding allows free-moving electrons, giving it high conductivity. Its atomic structure (a giant metallic lattice) makes it ductile and strong, so it can be easily shaped into wires without breaking. Copper also has low resistance, minimizing energy loss, and resists heat damage, making it ideal for wiring.
• Predict the number of outer shell electrons in an atom of tennessine. and why?


  in group 7, so 7 electrons in the outer shell.
• Describe how metals conduct electricity.

  (metals have) delocalised electrons the electrons carry (electrical) charge. The electrons move through the structure / metal
• why does diamond have a high melting point?

  Diamond has many covalent bonds as it is a giant structure therefore the bonds requires lots of energy to overcome
• Explain why x material has a low boiling point


  x is a small molecule/ has a simple structure- so it has weak intermolecular forces- so little energy required to break the forces
• why does propene have a low boiling point?

  weak intermolecular forces
• what is a fullerene?

  Fullerenes are molecules made entirely of carbon, arranged in hollow shapes like spheres, tubes, or cages. They are part of a group called carbon allotropes, along with graphite and diamond.
• what was the first fullerene to be discovered? and its shape?

  Buckminsterfullerene, arranged in a spherical shape
• what are the properties of fullerene?

  Fullerenes have strong covalent bonds between carbon atoms. They can conduct electricity, especially in the form of graphene (a single layer of carbon atoms). Fullerenes are chemically stable and have a low reactivity.
• what are the uses of technology?

  • Nanotechnology: Fullerenes are used in the development of new materials and in drug delivery systems.

  • Electronics: Used in solar cells and other electronic devices.

  • Lubricants: Some fullerenes are used as lubricants due to their spherical shape, reducing friction.
• what are allotropes of carbon? name some.

  Allotropes of carbon are different forms of carbon in which the atoms are arranged differently, giving them distinct physical and chemical properties. For example, Diamond, Graphite, graphene and fullerene.
• explain why chlorine is a gas at room temperature but sodium chloride is a solid at room temperature?

  Chlorine is a gas at room temperature because it has a simple molecular structure. The molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces, which are easy to overcome, leading to a low boiling point. Sodium chloride is a solid at room temperature because it has a giant ionic lattice structure, where strong ionic bonds between sodium ions (Na⁺) and chloride ions (Cl⁻) hold the structure together. These bonds require a large amount of energy to break, leading to a high melting point.
• what is an allotrope of carbon?


  An allotrope of carbon refers to a different form of carbon where the atoms are arranged in different structures, even though the element is still carbon.

  
• what is a giant ionic structure and what is its properties?

  Held together by strong electrostatic forces between the positive and negative ions. Arranged in a giant lattice.

  Properties:

  
  

  • High melting and boiling points: The strong ionic bonds require a lot of energy to break.

  
  

  • Soluble in water: The ions can be separated by water molecules, making ionic compounds dissolve easily.

  
  

  • Conducts electricity when molten or in solution: Ions are free to move and carry charge.

  
  

  • Brittle: When force is applied, the lattice can break because like charges repel each other.