youth

• aims to indoctrinate the young and secure the future of the Nazi regime
• Education (E): centralisation of schools into the reich ministry of education, culture and science. Ledy by Rust
• E: ministry of education adopted to fit Nazi values
• E: Jewish teachers banned and females encouraged to be housewifes
• E: national socialist teachers league, by 1937 97% of teachers joined (compulsory to join)
• E: PE took 15% of time, biology reinforced Nazi racial policy( Jews and USSR/ Slavs subhuman etc)
• E: Hitler schools creates and run by Hitler youth. 10 established
• E:national political education institutions (napolas school) 21 set up
• E: 8000 teachers in 1938 and standard of education fell
• E: hard to see long term impacts of Nazi's
• Hitler youth (HT): 1933 had 100,000 people in it by end of 1933= 2 million and 30% of 10-18 year olds, by 1937=5.4 million and by 1940=7.2 million (however became compulsory in 1936)
• HY: boys empahsis on military life and physical whiles girls domestic and childhood skills
• HY: pledge of allegiance taken by all Hitler youth 'I promise to do my duty in love and loyalty to the Fuhrer and our flag'
• HY: children's board games called 'get the Jew out' which sold i million copes in 1938
• after 1936 all other youth organisations banned and HY compulsory: attendance was poor in 1935=25%
• Alternative youth (AY)
• Edelweiss pirates (EP): localised groups had own names e.g., roving dudes or kittlebach pirates. wore badges of Edelweiss flower or skull. mainly working class
• EP: 1939 there were 2000 members, they went hiking (similar activities to HY), some had relations with KDP
• EP: had slogan 'eternal war on the Hitler youth'
• EP: 'no-go' areas create for HY as would be beaten up, some helped escaped soldiers and distributed allied and communist leaflets
• EP: leaders of cologne pirates hung in 1944 (6 hung)
• Swing movement (SM): normally members of Hitler youth, middle class background, developed late 1930s, formed in large cities e.g., Hamburg and Berlin
• SW: anti-politics, listened to forbidden music, met in bars or nightclubs, listened to American Jazz. If caught they were made to be re-educated
• White rose group (WR): Uni students in Munich- Hans and Sophie Scholl 1941-43 aim to 'strive for the renewal of the mortally wounded German spirit'
• WR: organised first public demonstrations against Nazi's and distributed leaflets particularly on Nazi euthanasia programme
• Sophie School in People's court 1943 'what we have written and said is in the mind of all of you, but you lack the courage to say it aloud'
• WR: small scale threat and do not last long