required Practicals

• independent variable

  Control variable

  Dependent variable

  the variable that is changed

  thing you keep the same

  thing you measure
• crystallisation practical

  To prepare copper (II) sulfate crystals, heat 40 cm³ of sulfuric acid in a 100 cm³ beaker until almost boiling. Gradually add copper (II) oxide powder, stirring until no more dissolves and excess remains. Cool the mixture and filter it to remove the excess copper oxide. Transfer the filtrate to an evaporating basin and heat gently using a water bath until crystals begin to form. Then, pour the solution into a crystallising dish and let it sit in a cool place for 24 hours. Finally, remove the formed crystals with a spatula.
• temperature change practical

  get a polystyrene cup and poke thermometer through the lid. pour 30cm of hydrochloric acid in the cup and record initial temperature. then pour 5cm cubed of sodium hydrochloric acid in the cup and place the lid on quickly. then record the temperature change and repeat adding sodium hydroxide but increase in amounts.
• how titration works


  Set up: Add a known concentration solution (Solution Y) to a burette and the unknown solution (Solution X) to a conical flask with an indicator.

  Titrate: Slowly add Solution Y to Solution X until the indicator changes color (end point).

  Record the volume: Note the volume of Solution Y used to reach the end point.

  Calculate concentration: Use the formula to calculate the concentration of the unknown solution. the formulae is ...(concentration of the known solution x volume of the known solution=concentration of the unknown solution x volume of the unknown solution)
• crystilisation steps


  1.Add powdered insoluble reactant to acid in a beaker, stirring until excess powder remains.

  2. Filter to remove excess powder and collect the filtrate.

  3. Pour the filtrate into an evaporating basin and heat until crystals form.

  4. Pour the solution into a watch glass and leave to crystallise.

  5. Dry the crystals with filter paper, if needed.