Sleep circuits

• What are the weaker vs the stronger frequency waves/bands ?

  Gama is the strongest and delta is the weakest
• When do you have spindles vs slow waves ?

  • Spindles : during stage 2 of SWS
  • Slow waves : during SWS aka non rem
• How to study sleep in rodents ?

  • EEG
  • EMG
  • Whisker movement
• What are the 5 modulatory systems of sleep and wakefulness ?

  • subcortical with ARAS
  • wake promoting with the various NT
  • sleep promoting
  • homeostasis promoting
  • REM sleep system
• Whats the difference between RTN and reticular formation?

  • RTN is a nucleus in the thalamus
  • RF is in the brain stem
• What is the seesaw model for sleep ?

  • VLPO activated
  • LC, raphe, TMN desactivated
• The seesaw model suggests what ?

  An inhibitory relationship between sleep promoting and wake promoting regions
• What is the ARAS system ?

  Reticular region in brain stem sending projections : dorsally to thalamus and ventrally to hypothalamus and basal forebrain.
• What is the Borbely's model ?

  The model saying there are 2 processes involved in sleep regulation circadian rhythm and homeostatic control
• What happens when you have add adenosine in brain ?

  1. Activates Rc on GABA neurons in VLPO
  2. Inhibit histamine neuron TMN
  3. Sleep promoting
• What structure has histamine ?


  TMN
• What structure has ORX ?

  LH
• What structures has dopamine ?

  vlPAG
• What structure has NE ?

  LC
• What molecule you have in Raphe ?

  5HT
• What strucutres has Ach ?

  BS and BF
• What is BF in the brain ?

  Basal forebrain ?
• What structure needs to be activated in REM sleep regulation ?

  VLPO
• What's the pathway from VLPO ?

  1. Inhibits VLPAG + LC and LH (+ the rest)
  2. VLPAG can't inhibit SLD
  3. SLD activates VMN
  4. VMN inhibits MN (motorneurons)
• Normally what does SLD do ?

  Activate VMN
• Normally what does VLPAG does ?

  Inhibit SLD
• What happens if VLPAG is activated : sleep or not sleep ?

  Not sleep
• Where do the 5 main wake-promoting neuromodulatory system project to ?

  Neocortex
• What are the 2 regions of 5HT ?

  vmPFC and Raphe
• Which NT is also involved in REM sleep on top of wakefulness ?

  Ach
• What are 3 methods to study stage rhythms ?

  • Action potential
  • Local field potential
  • EEG
• What is LFP ?

  The summed up synaptic current from apical dendrites of neurons
• What is the exception of the thalamic nuclei that does not project to the cortex ?

  RTN
• What are the 3 types of nuclei in the thalamus ?

  • relay
  • association
  • non specific
• Where do the relay nuclei project ?

  In the primary sensory nuclei
• Where do the non specific nuclei project ?

  Cortex
• Where do the excitatory thalamic signal project to (2 places !) ?

  • RTN
  • Cortex
• Where do RTN signals project to ?

  VPM
• What are the 2 types of relay in the thalamus ?

  The first order relay and the high order relay
• Where do ascending sensory pathways connect TC cells : proximal or distal ?


  Proximal dendrites
• Give one example of 1st order thalamic relay that has both drivers and modulators ?

  LGN
• What are the red and green synapses ?

  A) Modulator

  B) driver

  
• Which ones are on the proximal dendrite of LGN : modulators or drivers ?

  Drivers
• Which ones are on the distal dendrite of LGN : modulators or drivers ?

  Modulators
• What are the post synaptic Rc of modulators and 2 characteristics ?

  Metabotropic = slow and facilitating