Clotting cascade

• What are the main proteins in plasma

  Fibrinogen.

  Albumin.

  Globulins.
• How much of plasma is water

  90 %
• How much protein is plasma

  7 - 9 %
• Where are plasma proteins synthesised

  In the liver
• Which plasma protein is not synthesised in the liver

  Gamma globulins.
• How are plasma proteins seperated

  Using serum electrophoresis they are separated base on charge.
• What charge do plasma proteins have

  negative
• What are gamma globulins

  They are immunoglobulins
• Label the serum electrophoresis and state which plasma protein is not present.

  Fibrinogen is not present in serum samples.

  A) Albumin

  B) Alpha 1

  C) Alpha 2

  D) Beta

  E) Gamma

  
• Which plasma protein has the highest charge

  Albumin
• Which plasma protein has the lowest charge

  Gamma globulins
• Which plasma proteins has the highest Mr

  Fibrinogen
• Which plasma protein has the lowest Mr

  Albumins
• What proteins transport T4 and T3

  Albumin and thyroglobulin.
• What is coronary thrombosis

  A blood clot in the coronary vessels
• What is a non-haemorrhagic stroke

  It is due to the blockage of an artery in the brain causing ischaemia.
• What is a haemorragic stroke

  It is caused by bleeding in the brain
• What is a pulmonary embolis

  When a blood clot travels to a pulmonary blood vessel.
• What is haemostasis 


  The process by which the body stops bleeding
• What is haemorrhage


  Bleeding is caused by ineffective haemostasis.
• What are the main parts of haemostasis

  1. Primary
  2. Secondary
• What are the parts of primary haemostasis

  Vasoconstriction.

  Platelet activation caused by exposure to collagen which causes a platelet plug to form.
• What are the parts of secondary haemostasis

  The coagulation cascade is stimulated by tissue and platelet factors to produce a blood clot.

  Antithrombotic control mechanisms control the cascade.
• Briefly describe haemostasis

  Vasoconstriction.

  A platelet plug forms and is converted into a blood clot using fibrin.

  Plasmin causes fibrinolysis, and the clot is degraded.
• Describe vascular constriction in blood coagulation

  Stimulated by serotonin, endothelins and tissue factors.
• How long does platelet plug formation take

  Seconds
• How long does the fibrin clot formation take

  Minutes
• How long does fibrinolysis take

  Days
• What are the roles of thrombin in blood coagulation

  To activate platelets and clotting factors.
• What are the roles of platelets in blood coagulation

  To release platelet factors for the clotting cascade and form a platelet plug.
• How are clotting factors activated

  They are converted from zymogens by proteolytic cleavage.
• Why is a coagulation cascade used

  It allows for signal amplification
• What type of feedback systems are used in the coagulation cascade

  Positive and negative.
• What is symbol is used to donate that a factor is an enzyme

  a
• What is used to donate that a factor is a co-factor

  A '
• What is the name for Factor II

  Protothrombin
• What is Factor II a

  Thrombin
• What is factor I

  Fibrinogen
• What is factor Ia

  Fibrin
• What type of factor is III

  A tissue factor