L35: Spread of infectious diseases

• Incubation is the first stage of an infectious disease. It is when the pathogen enters the body and can be actively replicating, but the individual shows no signs or symptoms
• Prodromal stage is the second stage. The vague symptoms start to occur. The individual may start to feel unwell, but they unknown they're sick
• Illness stage is the third stage where the diseases has fully developed. the symptoms are at peak and may be short or long lived
• Decline stage is the fourth stage where the immune syste starts ighting the disease. Symptoms start to improve
• Convalescent is the fifth and last stage. The individual recovers from the illness, but can still be fatigued or weak, however there will be no signs or symptoms
• portals of entry

  A) eye

  B) nose

  C) mouth

  D) ear

  E) broken skin

  F) insect bite

  G) anus

  H) placenta

  I) vagina

  J) urethra

  
• means of exit can be from: ears (earwax), eyes (tears), nose (secretions), broken skin (blood), skin (flakes), mouth (saliva), vagina (blood), anus (feces), seminal vesicles (sperm), urethra (urine)
• epidemiology is the study of disease transmission. the spread of disease involves: pathogen, source, means of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry and person at risk
• modes of transmission can be contact, airborne or vector
• all six components for the spread of disease must be present for an infection to spread from one person to another. this is called 'chain of infection'
• breaking the chain of infection

  A) rapid detection

  B) good hygiene

  C) disinfection

  D) waste removal

  E) airflow control

  F) wound

  G) care

  H) identifying

  I) vaccination

  
• mortality is the incidence of death in a population
• morbidity of a disease refers to the incidence of disease including fatal and nonfatal disease
• the incidence of a disease is the number of new cases of the disease in a given period of time
• the prevalence of a disease is the total number of new and existing cases in a population in a given time
• endemic is the amount of a particular disease that is usually present in a community is referred to as the baseline of endemic level of the disease (of a particular geographic area)
• sporadic is a disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly
• epidemic is an increase, often sudden in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area
• pandemic is an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people.