Ethnicity

• Johal- Brasians


  Second and third generation Asian immigrants had adopted the norms and values of both their Asian heritage and British society. "Cultural code switchers" describes the way they act depending on who they're associating with
• Jacobson- social exclusion


  As a result of social exclusion from British society, young Pakistanis have adopted a stronger Islamic identity.
• Modood et al.- Longitudinal study

  Conducted a study of African-Caribbeans living in Birmingham. The role of religion played a much smaller role in the younger generations' lives. Younger people are more likely to use Patois
• Giddens- Cultural defence


  Rather than uniting people from different ethnicities or causing ethnic minorities to assimilate, the digital revolution has led to cultural defence
• Sue Fox- Multicultural London English


  White people had adopted the linguistic patterns of people from a black Caribbean background. This is not cultural appropriation but influence by their black peers
• Nayak- White Wannabees


  Hybridisation of black and white ethnicities is just cultural appropriation on the behalf of the white people
• Li- work opportunities for women

  Ethnic minority women still face inequalities when applying for jobs. Black women Anglicise their names and Muslim women remove their hijabs
• Spencer et al.- social closure


  White people operate social closure against other white Eastern European migrants
• Dawney- racism against Eastern Europeans


  This is due to fear of migrants not founded in reality
• Winston James- black identity


  Shared black identity has emerged as a result of shared experiences of racism. United by a common feeling of exclusion
• Postmodernists- no longer important


  The things that used to define us no longer matter in modern society. We can't make generalisations about people.