1: ideological basis of Pakistan

• What hampered the economic mobility of Muslims in British India?

  Discriminatory employment practices and lack of representation
• What communal tensions affected economic activity in British India?

  Rioting between Hindus and Muslims
• Who typically suffered disproportionately during communal riots?

  Muslims
• What financial challenges did Muslims face in British India?

  Lack of access to credit and financial resources
• How did the zamindari system affect rural Muslims?

  It exploited them through excessive rents and taxes
• How did economic inequities shape Muslims' demands in British India?

  They contributed to demands for social and economic fairness
• What tactic did the British use to maintain control in India?

  Divide and rule strategy
• How was Muslim representation affected during British colonial rule?

  It significantly decreased
• What cultural impact did the British colonial administration have on Muslims?

  Disregarded or misunderstood their cultural practices
• What was a consequence of communal tensions for Muslims?

  Social shame and exclusion
• What educational system did the British implement that Muslims opposed?

  English language education system
• How did the British administration view Muslims in political decisions?

  They were often sidelined
• What was the reaction of Muslims to the all-Indian constitution in 1927?

  They were outraged
• What tactics did British authorities use during political upheavals?

  Repressive tactics against Muslim leaders
• What was the Urdu-Hindi controversy?

  Hindus demanded Hindi replace Urdu as official language
• What did the Two-Nation Theory assert?

  Hindus and Muslims are distinct nations
• What did Quaid-e-Azam emphasize for Pakistan's unity?

  The need for national unity
• What type of governance did Quaid-e-Azam envision for Pakistan?

  A true democracy with rule of law
• What did Quaid-e-Azam believe was essential for Pakistan's prosperity?

  A robust economy
• What did Quaid-e-Azam advocate for regarding religious minorities in Pakistan?

  Protection of their rights and religious tolerance
• What did Quaid-e-Azam say about freedom of worship in Pakistan?

  People are free to worship as they choose
• What values did Quaid-e-Azam emphasize for society in Pakistan?

  Social justice and equality
• What did Quaid-e-Azam aim for in Pakistan's international relations?

  Cordial ties based on equality and respect
• What was Allama Iqbal's stance on Western society?

  He decried materialism and capitalism
• What did Allama Iqbal emphasize regarding Islamic identity?

  Preserving and advancing the Islamic identity
• What did Iqbal advocate for among Muslims?

  Self-realization and personal growth
• What did Iqbal envision for Muslims' political future?

  Self-determination and political sovereignty
• What social issue did Iqbal address among Muslims?

  Social and economic inequalities
• What concept did Iqbal champion for modern Muslims?

  Ijtihad for independent thinking
• What economic principles did Iqbal advocate for?

  Islamic principles of economic independence
• What did Iqbal believe was necessary for Pakistan's spiritual renewal?

  A solid spiritual foundation
• What did Iqbal imagine for Muslims?

  Determining their own political future
• What was Iqbal's idea in relation to Pakistan?

  A separate Muslim state for political power
• What social issue did Iqbal worry about among Muslims?

  Social and economic inequalities
• What did Iqbal demand for Muslims?

  Fairness in wealth allocation and social justice
• How does Iqbal's focus on socioeconomic equality relate to Pakistan's worldview?

  It aims to create a just society
• What concept did Allama Iqbal champion?

  Ijtihad
• What does Ijtihad call for?

  Independent thinking to reinterpret Islamic teachings
• How does Iqbal view Pakistan's development?

  As a dynamic, developing nation
• What economic structure did Iqbal argue for?

  Based on Islamic principles