topic 1

• Solvent


  Substances dissolve in it e.g. water+++
• dipolar


  Having a slightly positive charge and negative charge
• Cohesive


  They tend to stick together
• Cohesion


  Attraction between molecules of the same type
• Which side of the heart carries oxygenated blood?


  left
• Why is the left side of the heart thicker?

  Because it carries oxygenated blood
• Where does blood from the vena cava go to?

  Right atrium
• Where does blood from the pulmonary vein go to?

  Left atrium
• Why does the heart have coronary arteries on the surface?

  It needs oxygen it's own supply of oxygen to pump the blood around the body
• What is the valve between the atrium and ventricle?

  Atrioventricular valves
• What is the valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery?

  Semi lunar valve
• What is the valve between the left ventricle and aorta?

  Semi lunar valve
• What do valves do?


  Stop the back flow of blood
• What are the three blood vessels?

  Arteries, veins and capillaries
• What do the arteries do?

  Carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body
• What are features of the artery?

  Thick muscle wall, lots elastic fibres, small lumen
• What are the features for in an artery

  To withstand the high pressure of the blood, to be able to stretch and recoil
• What do veins do?

  Take blood back to the heart
• What are features of veins?

  Large lumen, thin muscle wall, little elastic tissue
• Why do veins have different features to arteries?

  Veins are different because the blood that goes to them are under lower pressure.
• what is atheroma?


  it is a fatty deposit that makes the lumen get smaller.
• How does atherosclerosis occur?

  1)there is damage to the endothelial wall

  2)this triggers an inflammatory response

  3)white blood cells accumulate with chemicals in the blood

  4)WBC enlarge with cholesterol and form a atheroma

  5)this stretches the artery making it lose elasticity

  6)calcium deposits and fibrous tissue build up forming plaque

  7)lumen size reduces, higher chance of damage
• what does atheroma do?

  it produces postive feedback of the lumen getting smaller ad there being a higher chance of damage to the arteries.
• Explain the process of blood clotting

  1)Platelets in the blood release serotonin and thromboplastin

  2)in the presence of calcium ions, thromboplastin will catalyze with prothrombin to form thrombin.

  3)Thrombin + fibrinogen = fibrin
• what is fibrin used for?

  create the mesh that traps red blood cells.
• explain the link between atherosclerosis and blood clotting

  Atherosclerosis will make the lumen smaller so the chance of blood clotting is increased due to the fatty deposits.
• what are the lifestyle factors that affect CVD?

  Diet, high blood pressure, smoking and inactivity
• explain diet in terms of affecting CVD

  High saturated at diet increases blood cholesterol and atheroma formation.
• explain high blood pressure in terms of affecting CVD


  This increases the risk to the damage of the arterial wall
• how does smoking affect CVD?

  - CO reduces amount of O2 in the blood so not enough o2 can get to tissue > stroke

  - nicotin makes platelets sticky
• how does inactivity affect CVD?

  This increases blood pressure
• what a factors that are beyond control in terms of CVD?

  Genetics, age and gender
• What are antihypertensives?


  drugs that reduce blood pressure
• what are benefits of antihypertensives?

  - They can be given in combination to reduce blood pressure as they work in different ways

  - Blood pressure can be monitored at the home so the patient can see if the drugs are working
• what are risks of hypertensives?

  Could cause fainting, headaches, drowsiness
• What are statins?


  They are drugs which lower the amount of 'bad' cholestrol in blood.
• benefits of statins


  Reduce the risk of developing CVD
• Risks of statins


  Could cause muscle and joint pain, nosebleeds, headaches and nausea
• What are anticoagulants?


  Drugs that reduce the ability of the blood to clot
• Benefits of anticoagulants


  prevent any existing blood clots from getting larger