CHM - Ch. 2

• ______ are atoms of the same element with different masses; having different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons

  Isotopes
• 11C


  6 protons, 6 electron, 5 neutrons
• 12C


  6 protons, 6 electrons, and 6 neutrons
• 13C


  6 protons, 6 electrons, and 7 neutrons
• 14C


  6 protons, 6 electrons, and 8 neutrons
• Atoms have extremely small masses; heaviest being about _______.

  4 x 10^-22
• An average mass is found using all isotopes of an elements weighted by their relative abundance. This is the element’s ___________ (mass).

  atomic weight
• [(isotope mass)x(fractional natural abundance)]

  atomic weight formula
• ________________ are composed of molecules and almost always contain only nonmetals.

  Molecular compounds
• HCl (S.A)


  hydrochloric acid
• HNO3 (S.A)


  nitric acid
• H2SO4 (S.A)


  sulfuric acid
• BHr (S.A)


  hydrobromic acid
• HI (S.A)


  hydroiodic acid
• HClO3 (S.A)


  chloric acid
• HClO4 (S.A)


  perchloric acid
• HF (W.A)


  hydrofluoric acid
• CH3OOH (W.A)


  Acetic acid (aka vinegar)
• NaOH (S.B)


  sodium hydroxide
• LiOH (S.B)


  lithium hydroxide
• KOH (S.B)


  potassium hydroxide
• C(OH)2 (S.B)


  calcium hydroxide
• RbOH (S.B)


  rubidium hydroxide
• Sr(OH)2 (S.B)


  strontium hydroxide
• CsOH (S.B)


  cesium hydroxide
• Ba(OH)2 (S.B)


  barium hydroxide
• NH3 (W.B)


  ammonium aka windex
• _______ formulas give the lowest whole-number ratio of atoms of each element.

  Empirical
• _______ formulas give the exact number of atoms of each element in a compound. (what is found in nature)

  Molecular
• _______ formulas (aka lewis structures) show the order in which atoms are attached. They do NOT depict the 3D shape of molecules.

  Structural
• ________ drawing, ball and stick models, and space-filling models show the 3D order of the atoms in a compound.

  Perspective
• ___ are when an atom of a group of atoms loses or gains electrons.

  Ions
• ______ are formed when at least 1 electron is lost.

  Cations
• Cation ex.  NH4+ 


  ammonium ion
• Cation ex. Cu+


  cuprous ion
• Cation ex.  Cu2+


  copper [II] or cupric ion
• _____ are formed when at least 1 electron is gained.

  Anions
• Anion ex. CH3COO- or C2H3O2-

  acetate ion
• The ___________ (mass) is the weighted average of the masses of all the isotopes that make up chlorine.

  atomic weight
• ____ compounds (such as NaCl) are formed between metals and nonmetals.

  Ionic