key concepts

• In patients with T2DM, SGLT-2 should be introduced at any point they develop CVD, a high risk of CVD or chronic heart failure
• DPP-4 inhibitors are useful in T2DM patients who are obese
• Addison's disease management - hydrocortisone + fludrocortisone
• Water deprivation test: primary polydipsia

  • urine osmolality after fluid deprivation: high
  • urine osmolality after desmopressin: high
• Closely monitor legs and feet of patients taking canagliflozin for ulcers or infection - possible increased risk of amputation
• Headaches, amenorrhoea, visual field defects → ?prolactinoma
• In newly diagnosed adults with type 1 diabetes, the first-line insulin regime should be a basal-bolus using twice-daily insulin detemir
• In pregnant woman who develop hyperthyroidism in the first trimester, propylthiouracil is preferred over carbimazole due to lower risk of foetal malformation