IS

• Immunology is the study of the immune system—the one that recognizes and disposes foreign materials that enters the body
• Serology is the study of antigen and antibody reactions
• Voltaire


  A historian who wrote a book describing how Chinese people do the practice of variolation (the process of preventing "variola"—the virus that causes smallpox)
• The earliest records in terms of the history of immunology can be traced back on the time of Chinese people, as early as the 15th century
• Variola


  The virus that causes smallpox
• Jenner used vaccinia virus as his material for the smallpox vaccine. He noticed that milkmaids who had gotten cowpox were protected from smallpox
• Haeckel


  First discovered the process of phagocytosis
• Louis Pasteur


  Known as the "Father of Immunology" because of his numerous vaccine discoveries—live, attenuated chicken cholera and anthrax vaccines; (1885) – live attenuated vaccine for rabies
• Pasteur discovered that old culture can be used as a source of vaccine
• Three ways of conducting attenuation

  • Physical
  • Chemical means
  • Aging process
• Elie Metchnikoff


  Became a Nobel Prize awardee for the cellular theory of immunity through phagocytosis
• Emil Von Behring, Kitasato

  Proposed humoral theory of immunity
• Behring and Kitasto hypothesized that cows and horses have anti-tetanus antibodies in their blood and serum; paving the way for passive immunization
• Robert Koch


  Demonstrated cutaneous hypersensitivity
• Cutaneous hypersensitivity is also known as "delayed hypersensitivity". It is the response to microbes such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Gruber and Durham


  Discovered agglutination reactions
• Ferdinand Widal


  Devised an agglutination reaction for the diagnosis of typhoid fever
• Variolation


  Performed by getting lesions from infected individuals and then drying it. The lesion gets pulverized and the healthy people inhales it
• The success rate for variolation process is only fifty-fifty
• Cross immunity


  An exposure to a related virus can offer protection against another virus that may belong to similar taxonomy classification
• Phagocytosis


  The process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle, giving rise to an internal compartment called the phagosome
• Phagocyte


  A cell that performs phagocytosis
• Paul Erlich


  Antibody formation theory
• Karl Landsteiner


  Discovery of the ABO blood group
• P. Portier and Charles Richet


  Immediate hypersensitivity anaphylaxis
• Anaphylaxis is the most serious form of allergy; it can lead to multiple organ failure that is known as "anaphylactic shock"
• Almoth Wright, Stephen Douglas, Joseph Denys

  Discovered opsonins and described its relation to phagocytosis
• Von Pirquet and Shick


  Described the relationship of immunity and hypersensitivity
• Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin


  Discovered the 1st successful vaccine against tuberculosis diseases
• BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin)


  The vaccine named after Calmette and Guerin
• Pfeiffer, Buchner


  Discovered complement mediated cytolysis
• Complement is the principal soluble mediator of inflammation (the response to infection)
• Jules Bordet


  Received Nobel Prize for his pioneering work
• George Snell


  Worked out the genetics of the murine MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) and generated the congenic strains needed for its biological analysis
• Niels Jerne


  Developed the hemolytic plaque assay and several important immunological theories including an early version of clonal selection
• Peter Medawar


  Made studies on acquired immunologic tolerance
• Baruj Benacerraf


  Discovered immune response genes and collaborated in the first demonstration of MHC restriction
• Rodney Porter


  Worked out the polypeptide structure of the antibody molecule, laying out the groundwork of its analysis by protein sequencing
• Rosalyn Yalow


  Developed RIA of peptide hormones; a Nobel Prize awardee
• Alexander Fleming


  Described the action of lysozymes