Stages

• Piaget stages: sensorimotor stage?


  0-2 years: children learn via senses & actions. infants learn object permeance at (7-8 months). infant learns through reflexes.
• Piaget stages: pre- op?

  2-7 yrs: child unable to use logic to problem solve. child cannot view situation from others POV. (egocentric). assumes others think/experience life like they do.
• Piaget stages: concrete op?


  (7-11 yrs): child learn logic, problem solve, learn to conserve quantities. conservation of mass
• Piaget stages: Formal op?


  11+ years: children can think abstractly and can problem solve via hypothetical thought
• Piaget (1963)?


  object put under blanket: children would look at 8 months. toy moved to second hiding place: infants would only look in correct place at 12 months
• Bower and Wishort (1972)?

  lights turned off while children playing, 1-4 months old would search for up to 90 seconds. therefore Piaget may have underestimated age which object permanence occurs.
• Pre-op: preconceptual?


  (2-4 yrs) can use words and symbols to represent things, are egocentric and show evidence of cognition.
• pre-op: intuitive period?


  (4-7)= egocentrism starts to diminish but conservation is demonstrated.
• Piaget & Inhelder (1955)- 3 mountains study?

  children shown model of 3 mountains doll sat on the other side. had to pick best representative doll
• 3 mountains study findings?

  4 year olds: demonstrated egocentrism always chose own POV. 6 year olds: chose different perspective but not always the right one. 7-8 yrs: chose the correct picture.
• Hughes (1975)?


  argues 3 mountains study was too hard. stage 1: a policeman doll was placed at various points, child had to say if they could see the doll. stage 2: child had to hide the doll from the policemen
• Hughes (1975) findings?


  90% of 2.5-5 yrs old managed to do this, demonstrating a lack of egocentrism. This suggest Piaget underestimated children cognitive abilities.
• Piaget and Szeminska (1941)?


  children presented with 2 beakers same volume asked if one had more volume of the water. water from one beaker in a long thin beakers and question asked.
• Piaget and Szeminska (1941)?

  children under 7 thought more water in long thin beaker. this shows that children are able to conserve until stage 3 ( concrete operational)
• criticism of Piaget research into conservation?

  may have interpreted 'more' to mean taller. Rose and Blank- might've thought answer was wrong the first time. Moving the water served no purpose. may've confused the children
• McGorringle & Donaldson ( 1974)?

  6 yrs old shown 2 identical rows of counters, researcher spread one line out= only 16% of children recognised there was still same no in both lines.