Lab data 3

• Cancer blood tests


  Help to detect the presence of some types of cancer and determine the prognosis of some types of cancer

  
• Complete blood count


  • Measures red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
  • Abnormally high or low blood cells or platelets may be a sign of some types of cancer as leukemia but other tests must be done for accurate diagnosis

  
• Tumor markers


  Substances made by cancerous cells or normal body cells in response to cancer or in non cancerous conditions as anemia ,sarcoidosis

  
• Circulating tumor markers


  • Can be found in the blood, urine, stool, or other body fluids of some patients with cancer
  • Used to estimate prognosis, determine the stage of cancer, detect cancer that remains after treatment (residual disease) or that has returned after treatment, assess how well a treatment is working, monitor whether the treatment has stopped working

  
• An elevated level of a circulating tumor marker may suggest the presence of cancer and can sometimes help to diagnose cancer, but this alone is not enough to diagnose cancer

  
• Noncancerous conditions can sometimes cause the levels of certain tumor markers to increase

  
• Not everyone with a particular type of cancer will have a higher level of a tumor marker associated with that cancer

  
• Measurements of circulating tumor markers are usually combined with the results of other tests, such as biopsies or imaging, to diagnose cancer

  
• Circulating tumor cells


  Cancerous cells that detach from the primary tumor and travel through the blood stream to other parts of the body
• Cellsearch Method


  • The only approved FDA method for enumerating Circulating tumor cells
  • Uses liquid biopsy (blood) to help oncologist to assess the prognosis of patients with metastatic breast, prostate or colorectal cancer
  • Based on the use of iron nanoparticles coated with a polymer layer carrying biotin analogues and conjugated with antibodies against EpCAM for the capture of CTCs
  • Isolation is coupled to an analyzer to take images of isolated cells upon their staining with specific fluorescent antibody conjugates

  
• Allergy


  A common, long-term condition that involves the immune system making antibodies to fight off harmless substances as if they were threats
• Common allergens


  • Certain foods or ingredients
  • Dust
  • Insect bites and stings
  • Mold
  • Pets
  • Pollen
  • Some medications
• Allergy symptoms


  • Abdominal pain
  • Cough
  • Diarrhea
  • Dry skin
  • Eczema
  • Headache
  • Hives (urticaria) and swelling (angioedema)
  • Itchy, red or watery eyes
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Shortness of breath (dyspnea)
  • Skin rash
  • Sneezing
  • Sore throat (pharyngitis)
  • Stuffy, itchy or runny nose
  • Swollen lips, tongue, eyes or face
  • Wheezing, tightness in chest or allergic asthma
• Allergy blood test


  Checks for the increased levels of immunoglobulin E antibodies
• Types of allergy blood tests

  • Total IgE test: Measures the total amount of IgE in your blood
  • Specific IgE test: Measures the IgE in your blood in response to specific allergens
• Difference between allergy blood test and allergy skin test


  • Allergy skin tests deliver immediate results, but blood tests take a few days
  • Skin tests tend to be more accurate, but some people can't have allergy skin tests as in cases of having a skin condition such as hives or a rash, or taking antihistamines
• MAP (Mean Arterial Pressure)


  • Normal MAP is 70–100 mm Hg
  • MAP is an indication of global perfusion pressure; a MAP of at least 65 mm Hg is necessary for adequate cerebral perfusion in most patients
• CVP (Central Venous Pressure)


  • The pressure in the vena cava at the point of blood returning to the right atrium and may reflect volume status
  • CVP values at the extremes usually reflect hypovolemia (less than 2 mmHg) and hypervolemia (greater than 18 mm Hg)
• Lactic acid


  • Formed during anaerobic metabolism
  • During states of hypoperfusion, the tissues receive less blood and therefore less oxygen, leading to increased lactic acid production
• Venous oxygen saturation


  • The oxyhemoglobin saturation of venous blood returning to the right atrium is normally 70%–75% (with a normal [99%–100%] arterial oxygen saturation), indicating that the normal oxygen extraction ratio is around 25%–30%
  • In times of decreased oxygen delivery, more oxygen is extracted from the blood that is being perfused to tissues, causing an increased extraction ratio and thus a decrease in venous oxygen saturation