genbio🧪

• Reproduction


  The process by which new individuals of a species are produced and the genetic material is passed from generation to generation
• Asexual reproduction


  • Genetically identical offspring are produced from one parent
• Binary fission


  Separation of the body into two new bodies
• Budding


  A new individual develops from some generative anatomical point of the parent organism
• Fragmentation


  Parent organism breaks into fragments or pieces and each fragment develops into a new individual
• Sporulation


  Bacteria, algae, fungi, ferns and mosses develop unicellular pores which detach parent and develop into new individuals
• Cloning


  Mitotic division that results in a development of a clone with exact genetic make up

  
• Parthenogenesis


  A natural form of asexual reproduction in which growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization by sperm
• Sexual reproduction


  The process involving the fusion of two nuclei to form a zygote and the production of genetically dissimilar offspring
• Vegetative reproduction


  The word 'vegetative' refers to plant organs consisting of the roots, stem (trunk, branches, twigs) and leaves
• Stages of animal development

  • Gametogenesis
  • Fertilization
  • Cleavage
  • Gastrulation
  • Organogenesis
• Gametogenesis


  The production of sperm (spermatogenesis) and eggs (oogenesis), takes place through the process of meiosis
• Fertilization


  The formation of a diploid zygote from a haploid egg and sperm
• Cleavage


  A period of rapid cell division without growth
• Gastrulation


  Formation of three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Each will give rise to specific tissues and organs
• Organogenesis


  Various regions of the germ layers develop into rudimentary organs (e.g. notocord)
• sexual reproduction


  the fusion of two nuclei to form a zygote and the production of genetically dissimilar offspring
• vegetative reproduction 


  plant organs consisting of the roots, stem and leaves
• natural vegetative reproduction


  utilizes plant organs other than the seed and spore which, even without involvement of man
• artificial vegetative reproduction


  used to give rise to new and sometimes novel plants
• stamen 


  male reproductive part of the flower
• pistil/carpel


  female reproductive system of the flower.
• petals 


  attract insects for pollination
• sepals


  form the calyx, encloses and protects the inner part of the flower
• receptacle


  where the other structure is attached (part of a flower)
• pollination


  the transfer of pollen from a male reproductive structure to a female reproductive structure by a vector.
• self pollination


  pollen grains are transferred to the stigma of the same flower or a different flower on the same plants
• cross pollination 


  when pollen grains are transferred to the stigma of different plants
• vas deferens 


  trasports mature sperm to the urethra, the tube that carries uring or sperm to outside of the body
• testicles


  responsible for making testosterone the primary male sex hormone and for generating sperm
• ejaculatory ducts


  formed by the fusion of thevas deferens and the seminal vesicles
• urethra 


  the tube taht carries iring from the bladder to outside of the body. it has the additional function of ejaculating system when the man reaches orgasm
• prostate gland


  contributes additional fluid to the ejaculate, help noirish the sperm
• epididymis


  transports and stores sperm cells that produced in the testes
• seminal vesicles


  produces a sugar-rich fluid that provides sperm with a source of energy to help them move
• bulbourethal glands (cowper's glands)


  pea sized structures located kn the sides of the urethra just below the prostate gland
• labia majora


  enclose thr other external organs
• labia minora


  lie just inside the labia majora and surround the openings to the vagina and urethra
• bartholin's glands


  located beside the vaginal opening and produce a fluid secretion
• clitoris


  a small sensitive protrusion that is comparable to the penis in males