Thinking and decision-making

• Dual Process Model


  The dual process model is a cognitive psychology framework that proposes there are two distinct systems involved in thinking and decision-making: System 1 & 2. Explains why we make mistakes (System 1) and are more accurate when we deliberate (System 2).
• System 1

  Intuitive System

  • Automatic, fast, and effortless
  • Often uses heuristics (mental shortcuts)
  • Prone to biases and errors
  • Functions:
  • Handles everyday decision-making
  • Generates quick impressions and intuitions
• System 2

  Reflective System

  • Slow, conscious, and effortful
  • Logical and analytical
  • More reliable but requires more cognitive resources
  • Functions:
  • Engages in abstract thinking
  • Transfers information to new situations
  • Analyzes complex problems
• Interaction between Systems

  • System 1 often provides initial responses
  • System 2 can override or refine System 1 responses
• Empirical Support

  • Supported by various cognitive bias studies (e.g., Wason selection task)
  • Consistent with neuroimaging studies showing different brain areas active during different types of thinking
• Explanatory Power

  • Explains why people sometimes make irrational decisions (System 1 overriding System 2)
  • Accounts for individual differences in decision-making styles
• Practical Applications

  • Used in fields like behavioral economics and marketing
  • Informs strategies for improving decision-making in various contexts
• Oversimplification

  • May oversimplify the complexity of human cognition
  • Doesn't fully explain how the two systems interact
• Definition Issues

  • Boundaries between System 1 and System 2 are not always clear
  • Speed of processing doesn't always indicate which system is in use (e.g., experts can use System 2 quickly)
• Neglect of Emotional Factors

  • Doesn't adequately address the role of emotions in decision-making
• Cultural Considerations

  • May not fully account for cultural differences in thinking styles
• The Dual Process Model has been influential in understanding human cognition and decision-making, but it's important to recognize its limitations and ongoing debates in the field. Consider how the model might be refined or expanded to address some of its current limitations.