Migration 1.3

• Laos: Migration 1.3 looks at 2 case studies, Laos and the USA, what do we look at with regards to each case study (4) - Patterns of immigration and Emigration - Migration policies - Interdependences created by migration - Opportunities and challenges with regards to migration
• Laos: What are the factors that are resulting in migration away from Laos (3) - Reasons to leave laos - Reasons to go to thailand - Migration has become easier between laos and thailand
• Laos: What are the reasons to leave laos and migrate away (3) - Dissatisfaction of agricultural work, with many being subsistence farmers, due to lack of occupations in rural areas - Insufficient land available to farm, droughts are leading to greater food insecurity in laos -Low levels of education in Laos, and there is demand for low skilled labour in Thailand - so qualifications are not necessary
• Laos: Reasons to migrate to Thailand from Laos (2) - Strong motivation to follow others who have returned from financially successful migrations - Daily minimum wage in Thailand is 200Baht (9USD) a day compared to 80 Baht in laos
• Laos: How has migration becoming easier between Laos and Thailand resulted in greater migration away from Laos (3) - Their is a familiarity between Thai and Laotian culture and language - Improved access to thailand across the Mekong - Use of 'Brokers' to reach the Thai border
• Laos: What are the interdependances created by migration between Laos and Thailand (4) - Unskilled labour boosts thailand construction industry, essential to the countrys growth - Laos and Thailand work together to manage natural disasters and management of the mekong river with the mekong river commission - Laos-Thailand cooperation committee - Construction of rail links between thailand and vietnam including Laos in the route opens up laos to trade opportunities stimulating economic growth
• Laos: Describe the work of the Laos-Thailand cooperation committee in terms of independences created by migration between Laos and Thailand (2) - Work together creating hydropower projects in both countries under the Mekong river commission - Thailand invests in laotian industry - Strengthened trade and communications between the two countries - through this thailand has funded drug treatment centre in Laos, stimulating education and skilled work
• Laos: What are some opportunities created by migration between Laos and Thailand (3) - Political stability improving in Laos, Thailand and Vietnam, creating economic cooperation between them, Vietnam has 400 investment projects in Laos - Migration corridor between laos and Thailand is one of the largest in ASEAN bloc stimulating political and economic cooperation - 22% of families in Laos live below poverty line - remittances allows families to purchase consumer goods, stimulating economic growth and use of agricultural machinery
• Laos: What are some challenges created by migration between Laos and Thailand (3) - Most economic migrants from laos are unskilled with limited education, many of which under 18 and vulnerable to human trafficking and exploitation - Loss of skilled labour such as carpenters to Thailand - increasing the social inequality between the two countries, encouraging further migration out of Laos - Laos' garment industry is their largest sector of manufacturing employing young female workers which may be encouraged to leave for higher wages in thailand
• USA: Describe the pattern of immigration and emigration to the USA (3) - In 2013 there were 41 million immigrants in the USA, 13% of population - Main contributors to immigrant numbers was Mexico with 28% and China with 5% - USA has a net migration gain with only 3 million US citizens living abroad, however the number is increasing with the main destination being Mexico or UK - this is because of return migration of US born mexicans back to Mexico
• USA: Why is the US so attractive to migrants in terms of patterns of immigration (4) - Positive immigration policy with a possibility of a greencard - employment opportunities for low and high skilled workers - Wage differentials with origin countries, with the opportunity to send remittance - Educational opportunities and access to services like healthcare
• USA: What are the different forms interdependances created by migration to the USA (3) - Social and Cultural interdependance - Political/ Environmental interdependence - Economic interdependence
• USA: Describe social and cultural interdependance as a result of migration to USA (3) - In 2013 over 11.5 million Mexicans lived in USA and 1 million Americans in Mexico, each country have its largest diaspora living in one another - Growth in social and cultural connectivity between the two countries especially in bordering states - US-Mexico Bilateral forum aikms to increase student mobility between the two countries, targetting 100,000 students annually
• USA: Describe political interdependance as a result of migration to USA (2) - Political power relations remain imabalanced, but there is increasing coordination over issues in common between the countries, including management of colorado river basin - Some issues include border security, drug trade and human trafficking and environmental issues such as water scarcity - Both Mexico and USA join the NAAEC which foster protection of the environment within their territory
• USA: Describe economic interdependances as a result of migration to USA (4) - Low skilled mexicans, many illegal work in agriculture or low paid services - Wages are higher than in mexico, providing mexicans with remittance opportunities making up $22 billion a year, 2% of mexicos annual GDP - NAFTA multilateral trade deal caused US and Mexico Bilateral trade to increase to $1.4 billion a day between the two - Mexican industry has benefitted from FDI from USA, with developments in aerospace and IT industry
• USA: What are some economic opportunities with regards to migration to the USA (3) - Immigrants take many low paid jobs, in 2013 31% of Mexican immigrants worked in service industry - US immigration policy aims to attract highly skilled professionals, benefitting US as they pay tax and decrease average age of US's aging population - Immigrants are consumers and help with job creation and stimulate consumer industries generating wealth for americans
• USA: Describe social challenges with regards to challenges as a result of migration to the US (3) - Uneven progress in integration of immigrant groups into US society, and the size of the unauthorised population is a barrier to social cohesion and full economic and political integration - Estimated 11.5 million unnauthorised immigrants live in the USA - many migrants attempted to cross via land route through Mexico using it as a transit country - Borders can be dangerous places with drug and human trafficking occuring
• USA: Describe environmental challenges with regards to challlenges as a result of migration to the USA (2) - where Immigrant population concentrates, there are issues with supply of resources and services - For example demand for water in southern california is causing severe supply shortages for residents
• What are the factors that impact patterns of immigration and emigration in the USA - political - economic - social
• Describe the political factors that impact the patterns of immigration and emigration - UMSCA trade bloc not only stimulates growth between US, mexico and canada it also helps to explain an increase in migrants as the bloc allows for citizens associated with tncs that operate in two or more of the countries to migrate - Explains a reason as to why the US and Mexico have the largest diaspora of migrants living within each other - Alliances and relations with countries may act to explain the increasingly large amount of US citizens leaving for countries like the UK, the 2023 atlantic declaratio...
• Describe the economic factors that impact the patterns of immigration and emigration in the USA (2) - Wage differentials and opportunities to send remmittance, may explain the significant net migration gain of 50 million compared to 5 million leaving, 2% of mexicos gdp comes from remittance - The opportunity for employment of low skilled workers in agricutlrual and manufacturing industries stimulates economic migration
• Describe the social factors that impact the patterns of immigration and emigration in the USA - Better education and housing services, the US have become an image of good quality of life encouraging migration - Immigration and naturalisation act let in 50,000 diverse immigrants a year to encourage migration from african regions - The US is dedicated to protecting refugees as part of its migration policies, as a result it may explain why it is so appealing to migrants
• Describe the USA's migration policy (5) - Immigration and naturalisation act, is the body of law which governs current immigration policy allowing 675,000 permanent migrants annually - Protection of refugees - the act decides the number of refugee admissions annually and ensures their safe passage - Promoting Diversity - 50,000 visas available through the diversity immigrant visa programme annually - Humanitarian relief - visas are available annually fro relief from natural disasters or armed conflict - 140,000 visas are available for high skilled workers who are valuable to the conomy, 70% of...
• Describe the factors that impact the USAs migration policy - Political - Economic - Social
• Describe the political factors that impact the migration policy of the USA - USMCA trade bloc stimulates 1.4 billion in trade a day and allows for economic citizens who work in TNCs that operate in one or more of the countires to migrate, helping to expand both the US and Mexicos knowledge and technological industries
• Describe the economic factors that impact the migration policy of the USA - The immigration and naturalisation act give out 675,000 visas annually and 140,000 green card visas, with opportunities available in agricultural and manufacturing industries driving this migration policy - as a result remittance makes up 2% of mexicos gdp
• Describe the social factors that impact the migration policy of the USA (2) - The US has a diverse and existingly large migrant stock hence, Out of the immigration and naturalisation acts 675,000 visas, 70% of which are dedicated to family reunification - This also enables the act to reduce economic migrant places as most reunifying family members intend to work - Social factors like encouraging social diversity and reducing inequality caused by conflict may encourage the US migration policies like protection of refugees, promotion of diversity with 50,000 diverse visas available and temporary...
• What is Lao's migration policies - Tackling human trafficking with Prevention, prosecution and protection campaigns - working with NGOs and Un agencies to introduce the non-existing migration policies within the LIDC
• Describe the impact of human trafficking on Laos' migration policy (2) - Laos is a source country for human trafficking, 36% of the population is under 15 in 2013, so many are treated as economic resources and are threatened by human trafficking - Recently an underage football team from liberia was trafficked into laos to play in the top league for Champasak united, many migrants are trafficked daily from laos into thailand in search of better opportunities as a result of Laos' lack of migration policy
• Describe how laos is working with NGOs to implement a migration policy (2) - Due to laos' low economic development government migration policies have been ineffective, forcing them to work with NGOs to implement a policy - The policy includes prevention through awareness campaigns and prosecution through investigating trafficking networks and strengthening laws around human trafficking
• Describe the political factors that influence Laos' migration policies - Asean trade bloc, aims to allow freer movment of skilled labour and also aims to foster laos's migration policies - Laos Thailand cooperation committee - investment of millions into a drug treatment centre may act to shape the migration policy in the future by developing job opportunities, high skilled labour opportunities in laos reducing the need to migrate away from the country - Vietnam has 400 investment projects in laos, this will act to reduce migration in the future, shaping future policy
• Describe the economic factors that influence Laos' migration policies (2) - As a result of the low average wage of 60 baht compared to thailands minimum daily average of 200 baht leads to more migrants, 22% live below the absolute poverty line, consequentially many more people are subject to human trafficking - Low GDP of 2000 USD neabs Laos does not have the economic capabilities or resources to integrate migration policies, hence high levels of traffickign are present, and the country relies on the input of NGOs to help assist migration policy - like prevention, proescution campaigns
• Describe the social factors that influence Laos' migration policies (2) - NGO's help assist with prevention and proesecution and protection campaigns which aim to spread awareness and investigate trafficking networks and expand laws on trafficking - As a result NGOs have assisted in improving migration policies, which in turn leads to less social explotation of migrants leaving laos