bonding :3

• particles present

  • metallic: positive ions and free mobile electrons
  • ionic: positive and negative ions
  • covalents: atoms
• attraction forces

  • metallic: electrostatic attraction force between pos ions and free delocalised/mobile electrons
  • ionic: electrostatic attraction force between pos and neg ions
  • covalent: attraction force between electron clouds and nucleus of the atom
• m.p and b.p (high to low)

  1. Giant covalent
  2. metallic
  3. ionic
  4. simple covalent
• ionic bonded substances can only conduct electricity when molten or in solutions so free ions can carry current
• metallic solubility


  only group 1 and 2
• ionic solubility


  most
• covalent solubility


  only acids
• giant covalent solubility


  insoluble
• All solids excepet for

  1. mercury (metallic)
  2. covalent except for s8 p4 and i2(liquids or gases)
• an ionic bond is a strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
• metallic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between the positive ions in a giant metallic lattice and a ‘sea’ of delocalised electrons
• the molecular formula of a compound as the number and type of different atoms in one molecule
• the empirical formula of a compound as the simplest whole number ratio of the different atoms or ions in a compound
• relative atomic mass, Ar , as the average mass of the isotopes of an element compared to 1/12th of the mass of an atom of 12C
• Mr , as the sum of the relative atomic masses