Feminist

• religious organisations


  male dominated despite women participating more
• Armstrong- religious organisations


  sees exclusion from the priesthood as evidence of women's marginalisation
• places of worship


  often segregate sexes and women's participation often restricted
• Holm


  views women's segregation in places of worship as devaluing women in religion
• sacred texts


  usually written and interpreted by men often reflecting anti-female stereotypes e.g. eve
• religious laws and customs


  men given more rights.

  influences cultural norms

  ban contraception and abortion
• liberal protestant organisations


  over 1/5 of the church of England priests are female
• Armstrong


  early religions often placed women at the centre until monotheistic religions rose and established an all powerful male God.
• El Saadawi


  religion is not the direct cause of oppression but patriarchy that influences and reshapes it.
• Woodhead


  there are religious forms of feminism such as women wearing hijabs for liberation
• Gilliat-Ray


  -Some women choose to wear the hijab as a symbol of liberation that allows them to enter the public without being condemned, not oppression
• Brusco


  in Columbia, belonging to a pentecostal group was empowering for women as they believed men should respect women and discourage 'mach' behaviour
• Rinaldo


  middle class urban women are more likely to join piety movements, who are more likely to have other resources such as education and income to pursue their goals
• Piety movements - Rinaldo


  conservative movements that support traditional teachings about women's role, modest dress and religious study