Free will - Determinism

• Free will – the notion that humans can make choices and their behaviour/thoughts are not determined by biological or external forces.
• Determinism – the view that an individuals behaviour is shaped or controlled by internal or external forces rather than an individuals will to do something
• Hard determinism – the view that all behaviour is caused by something (internal or external factors), so free will is an illusion
• Soft determinism – the view that behaviour may be predictable (caused by internal/external factors) but there is also room for personal choice from a limited range of possibilities (restricted free will)
• Biological determinism – the belief that behaviours is caused by biological (genetic, hormonal, evolutionary) influences that we cannot control.
• Environmental determinism – the belief that behaviour is caused by features of the environment (such as systems of reward (token economies) and punishment) that we cannot control.
• Psychic determinism – the belief that behaviour is caused by unconscious psychodynamic conflicts that we cannot control.
• Free will determinism debate

  The free will determinism debate = is our behaviour a matter of free will or are we the product of a set of internal and or external influences that determine who we are and what we do.

  Most approaches in psychology are determinist to some extent.
• Key concepts of the debate --> free will

  The notion of free will suggests human beings are self determining and free to chose their own thoughts and actions. A belief in free will does not deny there may be biological and environmental factors that exert some influence on behaviours, but nevertheless implies we are able to reject these forces if we wish as we are in control of our thoughts/behaviours (HUMANISTIC APPROACH)
• Key concepts of the debate – determinism

  Determinism propose that free will has no place in explaining behaviour
• Hard determinism (fatalism) – suggests all human behaviour has a cause & it should be possible to identify and describe these causes. This is compatible with the aims of science which assume that what we do is dictated by internal or external forces that we cannot control. (for some this is too extreme a position)  
• Soft determinism – the philosopher James 1890 was the 1st to put forward the notion of soft determinism (a position that later become important feature of cognitive approach). James thought that scientists should explain the determining forces acting upon us, but we still have freedom to make choices.
• Key concepts of the debate à the scientific emphasis on causal explanations

  A basic principle of science is that every event has a cause and these can be explained by general laws. Knowledge of these allows scientists to predict and control events.

  Knowledge of causes and the formulation of laws are important as they allow scientists to predict and control events in the future.

  In psychology lab experiments let researchers demonstrate causal relationships – it is like the test tube used in other sciences where all variables can be controlled.
• Biological determinism – the biological approach emphasises the role of biological determinism in behaviour, such as the influences of the autonomic nervous system on the stress response or the influence of genes on mental health. Moder biological psychologists would recognise the mediating influence of the environment on our biological structure. Hormones may determine actions – role of testosterone in aggression
• Environmental determinism – Skinner described free will as an illusion and argued that all behaviour is the result of conditioning. Although we might think we are acting independently à our experience of ‘choice’ is the sum total of reinforcement contingencies that have acted upon us throughout our lives. Our behaviour has been shaped by environmental events & agents of socialisation
• Psychic determinism – Freud also though that free will is an illusion but placed emphasis on biological drives and instincts underpinning psychological responses rather than conditioning. Freud’s psychic determinism sees behaviour as determined and directed by unconscious conflicts repressed in childhood. E.g., even a seemingly random slip of the tongue (paraplexes) are determined by the unconscious.
• One strength of determinism is that it is consistent with the aims of science

  The notion that human behaviour is orderly and obeys laws places psychology on equal footing with other more established sciences, increasing its credibility. Another strength is that the prediction and control of human behaviour has led to the development of treatments and therapies (e.g. drug treatments to manage SZ). The experience of SZ (loss of control over thoughts and behaviour) suggests some behaviours are determines (no one chooses to have SZ)
• One strength of free will is that we often make choices in everyday life

  Everyday experience ‘gives the impression’ that we are constantly making choices on any given day. This gives face validity to the idea of free will (it makes sense). Another strength is that, even if we do not have free will, the fact that we think we do may have a positive impact on mind and behaviour. Roberts et al 2000 showed that adolescents with a strong belief in fatalism (that their lives were ‘decided’ by events outside of their control) were more at risk of depression.
• One strength is a compromise in the middle-group position

  Approaches in psychology that have a cognitive element (e.g. social learning theory) are those which tend to adopt a soft determinist position. Bandura argued that although environmental factors in learning are key, we are free to choose who or what to attend to and when to perform certain behaviours. This middle-ground approach is helpful in understanding aspects of human behaviour which are not a straight forward choice between free will and determinism
• Hard determinism is not consistent with the legal system

  Offenders are morally accountable for their actions in law. Extreme circumstances are juries instructed to act with leniency (e.g. when the Law of Diminished Responsibility is applied due to mental illness). -ve is that determinism as an approach t scientific enquiry is not falsifiable. It is based on the idea that causes of behaviour will always exist, even thought they may not have been found. As a basic principle this is impossible to disprove. This suggests that the determinist approach may not be as scientific as it first appears.
• One limitation of free will is that it is not supported by neurological evidence

  Brain studies of decision making have revealed evidence against free will. Libet in 1985 and Soon in 2008 found that the brain activity related to the decision to press a button with the left or right hand occurs 10 seconds before participants report being consciously aware of making such a decision. This shows that even our most basic experiences of free will are decided and determined by our brain before we become aware of them. This is a scary and disturbing finding.