Memory

• Baddeley


  Gave PPS a list of words to recall
• Types of words Baddeley used

  • Acoustically similar
  • Acoustically dissimilar
  • Semantically similar
  • Semantically dissimilar
• Acoustically similar words


  Harder to remember immediately
• Acoustically similar words being harder to remember immediately shows STM is coded acoustically
• Semantically similar words


  Harder to remember 20 mins later
• Semantically similar words being harder to remember 20 mins later shows LTM is coded semantically
• Miller's finding on STM capacity

  Most things come in 7's, capacity of STM is 7+/-2
• Jacobs' digit span test


  Gave PPS digits to recall and added one digit on until they could no longer remember, mean digit span = 9.3, mean letter span = 7.3, shows capacity is 7 +/-2
• Peterson and Peterson's research on STM duration

  Used trigrams, gave PPS trigrams to learn, asked to count backwards and then immediately recall trigrams, PPS had forgotten trigrams in 18 seconds, duration of STM is 18-30 seconds
• Bahrick et al's research on LTM duration


  Had 392 PPS from a high school and asked them to do a photo recognition test and free recall 15 years later, 90% accurate recall - photo recognition test, 70% recall - free recall (names)
• Multi Store Model of Memory

  Developed by Atkinson and Shiffrin, SENSORY REGISTER - (ATTENTION) - STM - (REHEARSAL) - LTM
• Sensory register


  • Coding - senses, Duration - 1/2 seconds, Capacity - big
• STM


  • Coding - acoustically, Duration - 18/30 seconds, Capacity - 7+-2
• Tulving's Long Term Memory Model

  Three types of LTM - semantic, procedural, episodic
• Semantic memory location


  Temporal lobe
• Working Memory Model


  Baddeley and Hitch, A) Central Executive, B) Inner Scribe, C) Visual Cache, D) Phonological Store, E) Articulatory Process, F) Episodic Buffer, G) LTM
• Central Executive


  Monitors incoming information/data, Transfers info to different subcomponents, Limited capacity
• Phonological loop


  Holds verbal info temporarily, Stores auditory and verbal info whilst doing an ongoing task, Limited capacity
• Phonological loop subcomponents


  • 1 - Phonological store, 2 - Articulatory process
• Phonological store


  Stores all verbal info for 1-2 secs, Filters out any useless info, Useful info transferred to AP
• Articulatory process


  Useful verbal info stored here, Stored whilst used for an ongoing task, Amount we store is based on word length effect - can remember more shorter words
• Visuo-spatial sketchpad


  Stores visual info, Stores info about the spatial relationship between visual info on a sketchpad, Limited capacity
• Visuo-spatial sketchpad subcomponents


  • 1 - Visual cache, 2 - Inner scribe
• Visual cache


  Stores visual information (3D objects of form and colour)
• Inner scribe


  Stores spatial info, Relationship between 3D objects and space
• Episodic buffer


  A limited capacity storage system responsible for integrating information from the VSP and PL, Links the working memory to long term memory
• Interference theory


  An explanation of forgetting, Interference - when memories disrupt each other causing you to forget one or all memories
• Proactive interference


  When an old memory disrupts a new one
• Retroactive interference


  When a new memory disrupts an old one
• Research support for retroactive interference

  Psychologists gave PPS a list of words to recall with 100% accuracy. Once they had, they gave PPS a list of words - synonyms, antonyms, unrelated words, three digit numbers, consonant syllables, no words. Those who had to learn synonyms, struggled the most to recall the list of words
• Encoding specificity principle


  States that the cue used to trigger memory has to be present at encoding and retrieval
• Research into context-dependent cues

  Deep sea divers were given a list of words to encode and recall on land or underwater, PPS who encoded and recalled in the same environment performed better
• Context-dependent cues


  External cues such as the environment that help trigger memories
• State-dependent cues


  Internal cues that help trigger your memories
• Research into state-dependent cues

  PPS were given an antihistamine and then asked to recall a list of words, those whose state was the same when info was encoded and recalled, performed better
• Eyewitness testimony


  How accurate a witness can recall details of an event
• Research into leading questions

  PPS were asked to watch a video of a car crash and asked to estimate the mean speed. Wording of question was changed - "Contacted" 31.8mph, "Smashed" 40.5mph
• Explanations of leading questions

  • Response bias - the wording of question does not change PPS memory but influences
  • Substitution explanation - wording of question changed PPS memory
• Research into post event discussion

  PPS were asked to watch a clip of a crime and then put into pairs, the other PP had watched the same clip but from a different angle, PPS then discussed, 71% of PPS had included aspects from the other PPS clip
• Explanations of post event discussion

  • Memory contamination - PPS memory contaminates your memory
  • Memory conformity - changing aspects of memory for social approval