Basics of organic 🛩️

• what is a hydrocarbon?

  A compound made up of only hydrogen and carbon atoms.
• what is a saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon?

  Saturated: only has carbon carbon single bonds Unsaturated: has carbon double or multiple bonds
• what is a homologous series?

  a group of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2
• what is a functional group?

  a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound
• What are the three classifications of hydrocarbons and what do they mean?

  Aliphatic- compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non-aromatic rings

  alicyclic-compound arranged in ring structures

  aromatic- some are all carbons are found in a benzene ring
• what is the functional group os an aldehyde?

  Suffix is -al

  general formula is CnH2nO

  
• what is the functional group for a ketone?

  Suffix is -one

  formula is CnH2nO

  
• What is the functional group of a carboxylic acid?

  Suffix is -oic acid

  general formula is CnH2nO2

  
• what is the functional group of an ester?

  suffix- oate

  
• what is the functional group of an alcohol?

  -OH functional group —> suffix = -ol

  general formula is CnH2n+1OH
• what is the molecular formula?

  The molecular formula represents the number and types of atoms in a molecule. doesn’t show how they are bonded
• what is the empirical formula?

  simplest whole number ratio of the atoms of each element in a compound
• What is a displayed formula?

  the relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them

  eg 1- bromobutane will have the displayed formula

  
• what is a structural formula?

  shows which groups are bonded together
• What are structural isomers?

  Same molecular formula but different structural formula, this means they can either have the same or different functional groups attached
• what is homolytic fission?

  when a covalent bond breaks and each bonded atom takes one of the shared pair electrons from the bond

  • each atom now has a single unpaired electron called a radical
  • Fish hook arrows= movement of a single unpaired electron

  
• what is heterolytic fission?

  covalent bond breaks and one of the bonded atoms takes both the electrons

  • the atoms that takes becomes a negative ion and the one that doesn’t becomes a positive ion

  
• what does a curly arrow represent?

  Movement of electron pair when bonds are broken or made in heterolytic fisson
• what are the three types of reactions?

  addition, substitution and elimination eg eliminating water molecule from alcohol