ENDOCRINE

• What are the Endocrine system disorders?

  1. Insulin and Diabetes Mellitus
  2. Parathyroid Hormone and Calcium Disorders
  3. Pituitary Hormone Disorders
  4. Thyroid Disorders
  5. Adrenal Glands disorders
• What are the possible causes of excess hormone levels?

  • Tumor produces high levels
  • Excretion by liver or kidney is impaired
  • Congenital condition produces excess hormone
• What are the possible causes on the deficit of hormone or reduced effects?

  • Tumor produces too little hormone.
  • Inadequate tissue receptors present
  • Antagonistic hormone production is increased.
  • Atrophy, surgical removal of gland
  • Malnutrition
  • Congenital deficit
• What are the Diagnostic tests performed for checking hormone levels?

  • Blood tests
  • Urine tests
  • Stimulation or suppression tests
  • Scanning, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
  • Biopsy
• Treatment for Deficit hormone levels

  Replacement Therapy
• Treatments for Excessive hormone levels

  Medications, surgery, radiation
• Diabetes mellitus

  • Basic problem is inadequate insulin effects in receptor tissues
  • Deficit of insulin secretion
  • Production of insulin antagonists
• Diabetes results in abnormal carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism
• Some tissues can transport glucose in the absence of insulin through?

  CNS

  Kidney

  Myocardium

  Gut

  Skeletal muscle