De-Stalinisation was a series of political reforms in the USSR which were introduced after the death of Stalin in 1953.
When did De-Stalinisation happen?
1956 to 1964.
Who introduced De-Stalinisation?
Khrushchev brought in the policy of De-Stalinisation in his 'Secret Speech'.
Why was De-Stalinisation introduced?
To weaken the position of his political rivals inside the USSR's Communist Party.
To weaken the secret police and the Gulag system.
To help develop peaceful coexistence with the USA, with the idea the USSR would not interfere in America's affairs.
What was the impact of De-Stalinisation on the Cold War?
It was seen as a time when the relationship between the USA and the USSR improved - there was a 'thaw' in the Cold War.
When the contents of the 'Secret Speech' reached eastern Europe, people expected the repressive nature of communist-controlled governments would be relaxed.
It encouraged rebellions in Hungary and, later, Czechoslovakia.
What was the Hungarian Uprising?
The Hungarian people demonstrated against communist rule. Prime Minister Imre Nagy ended one-party rule and announced that Hungary would leave the Warsaw Pact.
When did the Hungarian Uprising happen?
July and October, 1956.
Why did the Hungarian Uprising happen?
Since 1949 the USSR had taken industrial and agricultural goods away from Hungary, and as a result Hungary was very poor.
Hungary's Prime Minister, Matyas Rakosi, was a hard-line communist and had crushed all political opposition in Hungary.
Khrushchev, the new leader of the USSR, gave a secret speech in 1956 in which he criticised Stalin's brutality. Consequently, Hungarians hoped for more freedom.
Living standards had fallen and people were suffering.
What happened during the Hungarian Uprising?
In July 1956, people began to protest about the repressive nature of the government and low standards of living.
Rakosi was replaced by Gero as prime minister in the hope protests would decrease.
In October 1956 there were huge protests by students and workers demanding more freedom which turned into riots.
On 24th October, Nagy was appointed prime minister. He was more liberal and brought in reforms.
What reforms did Nagy want to introduce during the Hungarian Uprising?
Relaxing censorship.
Allowing free elections.
Allowing non-communists into the government.
A proposal for Hungary to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact.
The release of political prisoners, including Cardinal Jozsef Mindszenty who had been imprisoned by Rakosi.
Why did the USSR invade Hungary during the Hungarian Uprising?
The USSR invaded Hungary because of Nagy's reforms and specifically because Nagy proposed that Hungary withdraw from the Warsaw Pact.
What happened as a consequence of the Hungarian Uprising?
On 4thNovember, 1956, Khrushchev and the politburo ordered Soviet forces to invade Hungary with 200,000 troops to remove Nagy and crush the uprising.
Between 20,000 and 30,000 Hungarians were killed.
1,000 Soviet troops died.
200,000 Hungarians became refugees.
Nagy's government was deported and Nagy was executed.
More consequences of the hungarian uprising?
Nagy was replaced by Janos Kadar and a new pro-Communist government, loyal to the USSR, was set up.
All Nagy's reforms were reversed.
This was used as a warning to other dissenting (protesting) countries in eastern Europe.
It increased tension between the West and the East.
What was the response of the West to the Hungarian Uprising?
The United Nations condemned the Sovietactions.
Spain, the Netherlands and Switzerland boycotted the 1956Olympics.
America accepted 80,000 refugees from Hungary.
The USA could not send troops to help Hungary because the Warsaw Pact would see it as an invasion and war would break out.
What did the new government do after the Hungarian Uprising?
It stamped out remaining resistance. 35,000 Hungarian protesters were arrested and 300 executed.
A few reforms demanded by the Hungarians were introduced, cautiously.
Kadar remained firmly in favour of Hungary's membership of the Warsaw Pact.
What was the importance of the Hungarian Uprising?
The USA supported the uprising but could not interfere, so it now looked weak.
Khrushchev's position was strengthened as a result.
The relationship between the USSR and the USA deteriorated because the USA had condemned the USSR's actions, increasing tension between them.