Sartre

• Jean-Paul Sartre's existential philosophy emphasizes:

  Existence as the fundamental reality, with no predefined essence or purpose to human life other than what individuals create for themselves.
• What does "pour soi" refer to in Sartre's philosophy

  "Pour soi" (being-for-itself) describes human consciousness characterized by self-awareness, negation, and the constant creation of one's essence through actions and choices.
• What does Sartre mean by "existence precedes essence"

  This dictum suggests that individuals exist first and define themselves through their actions, unlike objects whose essence is defined before their existence.
• What is "en soi" in Sartre's philosophy

  "En soi" (being-in-itself) refers to objects and things that simply exist without consciousness, fully realized in their essence.
• How does Sartre describe freedom in relation to nothingness

  Sartre argues that human freedom is rooted in nothingness, as the absence of predetermined essence allows for radical freedom.
• What is "bad faith" according to Sartre

  "Bad faith" involves self-deception, where individuals deny their freedom and responsibility by conforming to societal roles and norms.
• What are some existential anxieties described by Sartre

  Anxiety, desolation, despair, nausea, and alienation arise from the recognition of the universe's inherent lack of meaning and the responsibility to create one's own existence.
• What does Sartre say about the meaning of the universe?

  The universe has no inherent meaning, and individuals must create meaning through their actions.
• How does Sartre describe the nature of human freedom?

  Freedom is both heroic (unlimited potential) and tragic (lack of external validation), leading to existential solitude.
• Nausea

  A profound sense of loathing and revulsion towards the absurdity and meaninglessness of the world.
• Absurdism

  The recognition that the universe lacks inherent meaning, leaving individuals responsible for creating their own meaning.
• What does Sartre suggest about life beyond despair?

  True life begins beyond despair, where we confront the absence of external meaning and fully accept responsibility for our existence.