Chemistry

• Filtration is used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid.
• A solute is a substance that is dissolved in a solvent.
• A solvent is a liquid which can dissolve a substance.
• A solution is a mixture of two or more substances that are dissolved in each other.
• Soluble: (of a substance) able to be dissolved, especially in water
• Insoluble is a substance that will not dissolve.
• Solubility is the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent.
• Saturated is a solution in which no more solute will dissolve.
• Evaporation is a why of separating a solute from a solution. The equipment you need for this is an evaporating basin, a gauze, a tripod and a Bunsen burner.
• The equipment needed for filtering includes filter paper, a filter funnel and a comical flask.
• Chromatography: a technique for the separation of a mixture by passing it in solution or suspension through a medium in which the components move at different rates.
• Chromatography can be used to separate colours in a mixture.
• Paper chromatography involves placing a spot on a strip of paper with a coloured pen, then dipping the bottom into water and hanging it up so that the solvent rises up the paper.
• Distillation: the action of purifying a liquid by a process of heating and cooling
• Neutralisation


  The reaction between an acid and a base to form a salt and water.
• Indicator


  A substance that changes colour in the presence of an acid or a base.
• Example of a substance in the laboratory with a pH of 2

  Hydrochloric acid
• All acids are only acidic in this substance


  Water
• Example of a substance with a pH of 8


  Saliva
• Example of a substance in the home with a pH of 12

  Oven cleaner
• Example of a substance in the home with a pH of 3

  Lemon juice
• The pH of a neutral solution


  7
• The highest number on the pH scale

  14
• The lowest number on the pH scale

  0
• Example of a substance with a pH of 6

  Rainwater
• The colour of litmus paper in acid

  Red
• The colour of litmus paper in alkali

  Blue
• Alkali


  A base that dissolves in water
• The colour of universal indicator in pure water

  Green
• The colour of universal indicator in a strong acid

  Red
• The colour of universal indicator in a weak acid

  Yellow
• The colour of universal indicator in a weak alkali

  Blue
• The colour of universal indicator in a strong alkali

  Purple
• The final pH of a solution when a strong acid and a strong alkali are mixed

  7
• The final pH of a solution when a strong acid and a weak alkali are mixed

  4
• The final pH of a solution when a weak acid and a strong alkali are mixed

  10
• Example of a substance in the laboratory with a pH of 12

  Sodium hydroxide
• Lemon juice is more acidic than bleach , True or false.

  False.

  
  

  Lemon juice is an acid, and bleach is an alkali.

  
  

  Lemon juice is more acidic than another weak acid. It is lower on the pH scale than an alkali.
• The final pH when a substance of pH 6 and a substance of pH 8 are mixed

  7

  
  

  The weak acid is neutralised by the weak alkali. Each substance is 1 number away from a neutral pH, and so when they are combined, there is neutralisation.
• The final pH when a substance of pH 2 and a substance of pH 12 are mixed


  7

  
  

  The strong acid is neutralised by the strong alkali. Each substance is 5 numbers away from a neutral pH, and so when they are combined, there is neutralisation.