Section B

• Demographic Transition Model


  Population expected to rise and fall naturally due to increasing development. Every country is in one of these stages

  Green = Birth Rate

  Purple = Death Rate

  Yellow = Total Population

  
• Social causes of Inequality

  Education - If someone cannot read nor write they might not be able to get a well-paid and secure job. A person is more likely to do low-paid work meaning they'll be stuck in the cycle of poverty

  Health - Limited no of doctors may lead to low-income families having a poorer health

  Historically disadvantaged - Countries that have been ruled in the past are disadvantaged e.g. countries in the British Empire have smaller economies than the UK as they would give money to its ruling empire
• Neocolonialisation


  Less-developed countries being influenced and controlled by other countries e.g. the UK pay foreign manufacturers to build their products which may be manipulative as in other countries workers' rights are less strict and wages are lower meaning the UK minimise costs and increase profits
• Environmental causes of Inequality

  Climate - A country's climate can affect the resources it has to trade. Countries with larger amounts of resources to sell have stronger economies
• Political causes of Inequality

  Governance - Since governments have different aims and styles of leadership it can affect the growth of the economy and lifestyle of its people. The most developed countries tend to have capitalist governments while the less developed have communist governments

  International relations - If a country has a positive relationship with another they're known as allies and countries with allies have more opportunities to trade
• Economic indicators of development

  GNI per capita - The total amount of money earned by people and businesses within a country which is then divided by the population to find an average

  Poverty Line - The no of people earning less than $1.90 per day
• Social indicators of development

  Life Expectancy - An estimate of how long a person will live

  Literacy Rate - Quality of education which correlates to economic output, a well-educated workforce tends to earn higher wages

  Infant Mortality Rate - The number of deaths per 1,000 live births of children under one year of age determining the quality of healthcare and attitudes towards children.

  Other social indicators include: birth rate, death rate, ratio of people per doctor
• Environmental indicators of development

  Pollution levels - The volume of pollution in the air and water, it shows whether a country has developed its technology becoming more efficient and less polluting

  Green Spaces - The more open land a country has, the more pleasant it is to live there
• What indicators does HDI consist of?

  Life Expectancy

  GNI per capita

  Education
• Disadvantages of Uneven Development

  Wealth - When the disparity between the rich and poor increase, their lifestyles also change but the impacts are worse within the poor

  Migration - Uneven development may cause people to move out as they're not satisfied with their current living situations, this can result in the poor migrants building shanty settlements
• What are investment development projects?

  Large-scale and expensive projects aimed at improving infrastructure, technology, or other aspects.

  Advantages:

  • Tend to be large scale so will benefit a large community of people
  • Many job opportunities are created

  Disadvantages:

  • Locals have little voice in the projects and small villages may be evicted
  • Costs millions of pounds and take decades to complete
• What are aid development projects?

  Smaller projects aimed at improving the economic, social or environmental factors of a community organised by non-government organisations

  Advantages:

  • The project can reduce poverty therefore also reducing inequality
  • Relatively cheap meaning a large no of communities are helped

  Disadvantages:

  • Non-government organisations rely on voluntary donations limiting the no of people they can afford to help
  • Can be unsuccessful without proper training & preparation