The Changing UK Economy

• Changing Employment structure

  • UK 1800 - 75% in primary sector in 2006 - 2%
  • 1800 - 10% worked in tertiary - 2006 74%
• Pre-industrial , Industrial, Deindustrialisation, Post-industrial
• Globalisation

  Benefits:

  • economic growth
  • foreign investment
  • high value production
  • cheaper goods + services

  Problems:

  • outsourcing jobs
  • inequality
  • less manufacteuring
• Deindustrialisation

  • decline of a country's traditional manufacturing industry due to exhaustion of raw materials, loss of markets and competition from NEEs
  • NE of England - unemployment, derelict / brownfield / toxic / abandoned manu. plants - reverse multiply effect / spiral of decline
  • Gov. response - invest in new infrastructure - encourage FDI from large TNCs e.g. Nissan opened new car plant in 1986, employs 7,000 - setting up local enterprise partnerships to support business, improve skills and plans for economic growth
• Potential for Growth - UK cities

  • edu. institutes - Cambridge, Oxford
  • M4 corridor - Reading, Bristol

  need:

  • good transport connections - road, rail, air
  • number of quaternary industries for potential growth
  • highly skilled work force / at least degree level
  • new start up businesses with potential for growth
• M4 corridor: reasons for business

  • pleasant to live and work
  • near unis
  • transport routes - M4 + main railway line - Heathrow
  • land and rent cheaper than London
• North-South Divide

  • wages lower in N than S. e.g. in 2014 average weekly wage in Huddersfield 40% lower than in London
  • Healthy is generally worse - life expectancy for male babies in Glasgow 2016 - 72.6 yrs but in east Dorset it was 82.9 yrs
  • education - GCSE results better in south England than Midlands or North
• HS2

  For:

  • generate £40bn for UK economy
  • reduce journey times = more productive
  • reduce UK carbon emissions

  Against:

  • mainly job creation for London
  • spiralling costs £78 bn (2019)
  • inner city travel is already fast
• Cambridge Science Park


  • Site has own fitness club and gym
  • Benefit of fibre optic broadband systems in operation
  • Onsite nursery
• Cambridge Science Park

  Recycling facilities available

  • Plastic bottles
  • Clean glass
  • Aluminium drinks cans
  • Clean office paper and newspaper
  • A skip for clean cardboard
• Cambridge Science Park


  • Low density of buildings
  • Landscaping design creates a peaceful, serene environment
  • Ideal for the pursuit of scientific research and development
• Cambridge Science Park


  • Car parks concealed behind trees and shrubs
  • 152 acre site with 20 acres of park style landscaping
  • Central area of lakes, natural habitat, mature trees, shrubs and extensive grassed areas
  • No building permitted in this protected area
• Cambridge Science Park


  Located north of Cambridge city centre with excellent transport connections
• Cambridge Science Park


  • Committed to encouraging people to travel sustainably
  • Every new building has shower facilities and covered and lit cycle racks
• Already more than 22% of commuters cycle to work
• Electric pool bikes for FREE hire


  Allowing employees to use electric bicycles for journeys in and around the area or for quick visits into Cambridge city
• Travel Plan+ (TP+)

  Promotes more sustainable travel to work
• Commuter Centre


  Based at the Innovation Centre on the Park where people can speak to local travel planning experts
• Cambridge North Station


  About 1km from the eastern end of the Science Park, a 12-minute walk approximately. From other parts of the park it is about 2km
• 11% of Cambridge Science Park commuters currently car share
• CamShare


  Cambridgeshire on-line car sharing matching database that companies on Cambridge Science Park have been registered to use
• The arrival of AstraZeneca, whose new HQ is currently being built in the city, will add another £16billion onto that
• UK + Wider World

  • EU
  • Commonwealth
  • Major UK exports: - USA (12%), Germany (11%)
  • UK imports - Germany (13%), China (8.7%)
• Population Growth - South Cambridgeshire

  • pop. 15,000 increasing due to migration
  • 80% car ownership - traffic
  • lack of affordable housing
  • increasing pressure on services
• Population Decline - The Outer Hebrides

  • pop. decreased by more than 50% than 1901 - outward migration
  • school closures
  • 27% tourist increase (cannot support)
• Assisted area status

  • recognised as less economically advanced
  • money give to support ideas that create jobs, offer money to new businesses to set up
  • TNCs encouraged - tax relief as incentive
• Enterprise Zones

  • cheaper corporation taxes
  • simplified building planning application
  • attracts businesses