CSMP 1.3

• What is definition of absolute poverty Less than 1.25 USD purchasing power parity - cannot afford basic food
• What is definition of relative poverty Earning less then 60% of the median household income - variable across population distribution
• How many people in the UK are in relative poverty 13 million people
• What is the GINI coefficient used for Measure levels of income inequality within countries
• What are the main two factors of social inequality - Healthcare and employment - Housing
• Describe inequality in healthcare and employment (3) - Rural areas have healthcare facilities widely dispersed, and can be difficult to access without cars/ elderly - Access to clean water, sanitation and air quality impacts health inequality - Poorer areas contain more informal employment, which can be damaging to health
• Describe inequailities in terms of housing (4) - Rapid urbanisations in LIDC's causes millions to live in slums - Substandard housing is linked to unhealthy lifestyles, elderly people lack mobility, hence cannot access primary healthcare, amplfying affects of poor housing - Digital divide, broadband quikcer in urban areas - Illiteracy excludes people from accessing education, reducing employment opportunities and long term housing prospects
• Describe how the digital divide cannot be rectified in certain countries Governments in places like china and North Korea restrict access to the internet
• Describe inequality within the UK (2) - North/south divide - Uk has the 9 poorest places in Europe and the richest place in europe (london)
• What are the 6 methods through which the UK government is attempting to tackle social inequality - Taxation - Subsidies - Planning - Law - Education - Healthcare
• How is the UK government optimising taxation to reduce social inequality (2) - progressive tax system which helps to redistribute wealth (wealthiest pay the most, first 12500 is tax free) - Essential food is exempt from VAT, benefitting the poorer groups who spend more of their income on these items
• How is the UK government optimising subsidies to reduce social inequality (3) - Children from poorer families receive 15 hours a week free childcare - Free school meals and university fee help for poorer families - Poorer pensioneres receive winter fuel payments, free bus pass and exemption from TV license
• How is the UK government optimising planning to reduce social inequality (2) - governments housing agencies give priority to upgrading housing in poorer areas, organised geographically and targetted at most deprived neighbourhoods - Levelling up scheme £1 billion given to greater manchester area to improve public transport - 20 billion HS2 scheme - reduces inequality in northern areas by redistrubuting some of the capitals wealth
• How is the UK government optimising the law to reduce social inequality (2) - 2010 social equality act, protecting characteristics like gender not allowed to be discriminated against in workplaces - Section 106 planning law - 10% of all housing needs to be affordable social housing
• How is the UK government optimising Education to reduce social inequality (3) - Fees and funding to train and upgrade skills to raise qualification and improve employment prospects in poorer areas - £1 billion given to north west UK schools to improve qualifications - University contextual offers dependant on background
• How is the UK government optimising healthcare to reduce social inequality - NHS 'free at point of deliver' system
• Nikolai Kondratiev suggested... - The economic system operates in a series of interconnected cycles of growth and decline
• Why is the impact of booms and recession not evenly distributed (2) - Areas where new tech is concentrated benefits more (core regions) - Areas where technology is obselete suffere more
• What happens as a result of a recession - Rise in unemployment and bunkruptions
• What is affected by families cutting back on non-essentials during recessions - Consumerist industries, further amplifying the effects of a recession on industries
• What is a boom - A period of rapid economic expansion resulting in higher GDP and rising asset prices
• Describe Silicon valley as an example of a core region (2) - Stanford uni provides fresh supply of graduates - nearly half of all US venture capital is in silicon valley
• How do booms and rcessions in core regions like silicon valley create social inequality (2) - Production workers paid minimum wage and are expendible, gaining less in a boom, losing more in a recession - Whereas millionaire business men continue to get richer through both
• What are the advantages of economic restructuring in AC's (3) - Cheaper imports of labour intensive products keeps cost of living down - Growth in LIDC's leads to demand for AC's exports - Loss of primary industries like mining improves ACs environmental quality
• Advantages of economic restructuring in EDC/LIDCs (3) - Higher income, more exports, multiplier effect on the economy - Leads to exposure to new tech and improvement in national skillset - Employment growth in labour intensive work spreads wealth, reducing development gap between acs and lidcs and creates more jobs
• What is global shift It is a major consequence of structural change caused by globalisation
• Describe influence of global shift in terms of structural economic change (2) - Most western manufacturing was concentrated in western europe and USA fifty years ago - 1980's global shift reorganised production of MNC's, producing higher paid mangerial roles in ACs and labour jobs in LIDC's
• Describe economic restructuring in terms of structural economic change (2) - This is the change in proportions of people working in various sectors, changing in AC's from secondary to tertiary employment - Post industrial societies created as a result of these changes, with society no longer dominated by secondary sector
• Describe the effects of deindustrialisation in AC's in terms of structural economic change (3) - Economic restructuring led to factory closures and job losses in AC's - Places which rely on narrow range of economic activities (like inner cities) suffered badly - Unemployment increased in inner cities causing decline in quality of physical environment
• What are the disadvantages of economic restructuring in AC's (2) - Job losses concentrated in certain places leading to unemployment - Gaps develop between unskilled and skilled workers as a result of the loss in traditional jobs
• Disadvantages of economic restructuring in EDC/LIDCs (4) - Rapid industrialisation causes environmental issues - Increases wealth gap between urban and rural areas - Country has overdependance on narrow economic base - Destablilises food supplies as people in rural areas move into cities seeking more money
• What are the two case studies describing contrasting social inequality - Jembatan Besi (Indonesia) - Northwood (California, US)
• Describe the features of Jembatan Besi (3) - 280 million populaition, 10 million live in Jakarta - 25% of Jakartas residences live in slums - Population of Besi is 4000
• What are some future plans for the future of Jembatan Besi (2) - Jakarta building agencies has identified a potential 400 community units across the slum planned for improvement - Slum clearance schemes to allow for rebuilding in Jakarta - results in a relocation of slum areas
• Describe the social measures in Jembatan Besi in terms of social inequality (5) - High air pollution - Kerosene used as cooking gas - Poor nutrition in slum areas - Scrapwood used to make houses/extensions - Polluted groundwater supply
• Describe the social effects of a polluted groundwater supply in Besi (2) - epidemics caused by waterbourne diseases like typhoid and cholera - slum built on former waste tip - dangerous
• Describe the social impacts of using scrapwood to build buildings/extensions in Besi - Increased fire risk due to impovised electrical wiring and overcrowding in these buildings
• Describe the social impacts of poor nutrition in slums - Littl protein consumed as diet dominated by rice, results in malnutrition
• Describe the Economic measures in Jembatan Besi in terms of social inequality (2) - Poorly equipped schools as many children do not attend as they become key earners in the family - very few complete their education - Insecure employment in informal employment sectors
• Describe economic impact of informal employment in besi (2) - 4 USD average daily wage, with the jobs habing little security - Garment industry operates within slum areas with few health regulations