Paper 2

• Saint Anthony's fire


  Caused by fungus growing in rye stored in damp conditions. Causes rashes, hallucinations and death
• typhoid


  an infectious bacterial fever caused by germs in urine and poo and carried by flies landing on food. Causes an eruption of red spots on the chest and abdomen and severe intestinal irritation
• Scrofula (the king's evil)


  A type of tuberculosis thought to be cured by touching the king
• life expectancy of male British medieval child

  31.3
• What percentage of children died before 7 (medieval)

  30%
• Main killers of medieval Britain

  Famine and war
• Medieval doctors remedies


  Urine charts, zodiac charts, 4 humours, trepanation, blood letting, purging
• Medieval beliefs of causes of illness

  God (punishment for sins), four humours (imbalance of y bile, black bile, phlegm, blood would lead to illness), miasma, everyday life (childbirth was dangerous)
• Hippocrates


  "Founder of Medicine" During the Golden Age in Greece he was a scientist that believed all diseases came from natural causes. He also had high ideals for physicians & an oath was made that is still used today. Created the theory of 4 humours
• The theory of the four humours

  Four liquids within the body (blood, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm) if they became unbalanced you became ill. To get better the humours have to be rebalanced
• Galen


  Greek surgeon of the Roman Empire, he described heart valves and studied arteries and veins. Created the theory of opposites
• When was the Black Death?

  1348-1350
• What percentage of the population died from the Black Death

  40%
• How did medieval people try to fend off the Black Death

  Praying & chanting, rubbing raw chicken on sores, lighting candles, fasted
• When was the Great Plague?

  1665-1666
• How many people died in the great plague

  1 in 5 Londoners
• the main difference between great plague and Black Death


  The great plague was an epidemic in London, Black Death was a pandemic
• Theory of Opposites


  Treat the humour with the opposite e.g a cold with hot pepper
• Impact of theory of 4 humours

  Made people think about natural causes of illness, not just supernatural
• impact of Hippocratic corpus


  Doctors keep records of their patients, symptoms, sicknesses, and treatments
• Doctrine of Signatures


  claimed that God created cures as well as illness, and has intentionally created plants to look like the parts of the body they could be used to cure
• Medieval training for a doctor

  Uni 6-7 years, lectures, reading
• Typical medieval hospital


  12 patients, no doctors, ran by monks and nuns, priests, financed by the church or wealthy person, relied on charity
• The church and medical progress

  The church hindered medical progress as it trained doctors to understand old knowledge instead of discovering new ideas. It also disapproved of people going against Hippocrates and Galen, or god in general
• Medieval church views on a doctor

  Somebody who could predict symptoms and duration of a disease. Also provided reasons why god made the patient ill. NOT HEALERS
• Caliphs


  Islamic leaders regarded as successors of Muhammad for Sunni Muslims
• Why did caliphs encourage the development of medicine

  To find the cures that Allah gave
• Bimaristan


  Islamic hospital that also included libraries and medical schools. They provided medical care for all, men and women, rich and poor. Doctors were permanently present and students were trained by observing more experienced doctors. Some of these places were set up to provide care to people with mental illnesses, where patients were treated with care and compassion.
• Al-Razi


  An Islamic Philosopher who made fundamental and lasting contributions to the fields of medicine, chemistry (alchemy) and philosophy
• Ibn Sina


  One of the greatest polymaths of the Islamic world (980-1037), a Persian who wrote prolifically on scientific (especially medical) and philosophical issues; he is often known as "Avicenna," the Latinized form of his name
• What did Ibn al-Nafis do?


  Discover blood circulates around the body via the lungs
• Cauterisation


  Using a heated iron to stop bleeding and seal a wound
• Trepanning


  Drilling a hole into skull to release devils (headaches)
• John Arderne


  English surgeon; born 1307; survival rate of over 50% (good for the time); used ointment of hemlock, opium and henbane; sympathetic bedside manner; wrote The Practice of Surgery in 1350. But no significant change to pain, bloodloss or infection.
• Arderne's painkiller


  Ointment made up of opium and henbane
• Economic effects of the great plague


  Workers earned more money after they demanded higher pay. Less people were working since many died. Also bc of great fire of London
• What ended the great plague

  Great Fire of London
• Economic effects of the Black Death

  1- workers and employees died so production declined 2- survivors demanded higher wages 3- as the cost of labor soared so did inflation 4- western europe would not fully recover from its effects for more than 100 years
• Vesalius


  This was the scientist who began to study anatomy in depth. He is referred as the father of anatomy. Discovered that Galen was incorrect about the jaw and blood travelling through the septum
• Harvey


  An Englishman who used dissection to examine the circulation of blood throughout the body and how the heart worked as a pump. He insisted the heart and its valves were a piece of machinery that obeyed mechanical laws.