States Of Matter

• Three States of Matter

  • Solids
  • Liquids
  • Gases
• Solids


  • Particles are tightly packed in a fixed arrangement and only vibrate in place
• Liquids


  • Particles are close together but can move past each other, allowing the liquid to flow
• Gases


  • Particles are far apart and move freely and quickly
• Interconversions Between States of Matter

  1. Melting: Solid to liquid (by heating)

  2. Freezing: Liquid to solid (by cooling)

  3. Boiling/Evaporation: Liquid to gas (by heating)

  4. Condensation: Gas to liquid (by cooling)

  5. Sublimation: Solid to gas (directly by heating)

  6. Deposition: Gas to solid (directly by cooling)
• Heating


  Increases particle energy and movement, and loosens their arrangement
• Cooling


  Decreases particle energy and movement, and tightens their arrangement
• Dilution of Coloured Solutions


  • Shows how particles spread out in a solvent
• Diffusion of Gases


  • Demonstrates how gas particles spread out to fill a space
• Potassium permanganate in water


  • Gradually spreads its color throughout the solution
• Solvent


  The substance that dissolves the solute (e.g., water)
• Solute


  The substance that is dissolved (e.g., salt)
• Solution


  The mixture of solute and solvent
• Saturated Solution


  A solution that cannot dissolve any more solute at a given temperature
• Solubility


  The maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in 100 g of solvent at a specific temperature, usually measured in g/100 g
• Solubility Curve


  A graph showing how the solubility of a substance varies with temperature
• The higher the solubility curve, the more soluble the substance is at that temperature
• Investigate how much of a solid (like sugar) can dissolve in water at different temperatures and plot the results
• Element

  A pure substance made of only one type of atom (e.g., oxygen)
• Compound


  A substance made of two or more different types of atoms chemically bonded together (e.g., water, H₂O)
• Mixture


  A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded and can be separated by physical methods (e.g., air)
• Pure substance has a fixed melting and boiling point
• Mixture melts or boils over a range of temperatures
• Separation Techniques


  1. Simple Distillation: Used to separate a solvent from a solution (e.g., water from saltwater)

  2. Fractional Distillation: Used to separate mixtures of liquids with different boiling points (e.g., crude oil)

  3. Filtration: Used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid (e.g., sand from water)

  4. Crystallisation: Used to obtain a solid from its solution (e.g., salt from saltwater)

  5. Paper Chromatography: Used to separate and identify substances in a mixture (e.g., inks or dyes)
• Chromatogram


  The pattern of spots that results from chromatography
• Rf Value


  𝑅

  𝑓

  =

  distance traveled by substance

  distance traveled by solvent
• Different substances have different Rf values, which can be compared to known values to identify the components
• Investigate using paper chromatography to separate different colored inks or food colorings, and calculate Rf values to identify the components