The Prague Spring is the term used for the brief period when the government of Czechoslovakia wanted to democratise the nation and reduce the control the USSR had on the country.
When was the Prague Spring?
between 5th January and 21stAugust in 1968.
Who was responsible for the Prague Spring?
Dubček introduced the reforms
What were the causes of the Prague Spring?
Since 1957, Czechoslovakia had been led by Novotný, who was a hard-line communist.
Novotný did not bring in reforms
By the 1960s, the Czech economy was struggling and the standard of living was dropping.
When the leader of the USSR, Brezhnev, visited Czechoslovakia in December 1967, he withdrew his support for Novotný because he was so unpopular.
Novotný was replaced by Dubček as the leader of Czechoslovakia on 5th January, 1968, in the hope that this would reduce discontent
Dubček wanted to reform communism to create 'socialism with a human face'.
What were the reforms of the Prague Spring introduced by Dubček?
Censorship was relaxed in April 1968, which allowed more criticism of communism.
Free speech was allowed.
Political parties other than the Communist Party were allowed to exist.
Work councils were set up to represent workers and improve working conditions.
The secret police had their powers restricted, so their ability to arrest and detain people without trial was reduced.
Some capitalist elements were even allowed, to create a form of 'market socialism' economy.
Travel restrictions were lifted, so Czechs could travel abroad.
What was the response from the Czechoslovakian Communist Party to the Prague Spring?
Many were horrified at Dubček's reforms, believing they were a threat to communism.
On 3rd August, 1968, 5 leading opponents of the Prague Spring reforms sent a letter to Brezhnev outlining their concerns and asking him to intervene.
Why were Eastern Bloc leaders concerned during the Prague Spring?
Romania would not attend Warsaw Pact meetings.
Tito, the leader of Yugoslavia, did not want the USSR to control his country.
They feared the Prague Spring would lead to calls for reform elsewhere in the Soviet Union's sphere of influence.
What was Brezhnev's response to the Prague Spring?
In July 1968, the USSR claimed to know of plans by WestGermany to invade the Sudetenland, and asked to send Soviet troops to protect Czechoslovakia. Dubček refused.
The USSR considered economic sanctions for Czechoslovakia, but didn't want the country to seek help from the West.
In July, the entire Soviet Politburo (cabinet) visited Czechoslovakia to put pressure on Dubček to reverse the reforms.
Warsaw Pact troops from the USSR, Poland and East Germany completed manoeuvres in Czechoslovakia in the summer, to put more pressure on Dubček.
2/3 continuation of brezhnevs response to the prague spring?
On 15th July members of the Warsaw Pact sent a letter to Dubček, warning him the reforms were dangerous to the Eastern Bloc.
On 20th-21st August, 1968, 500,000 Soviet-led Warsaw Pact troops entered Prague to arrest the reformers.
Nobody in Czechoslovakia was expecting an invasion, especially the armed troops who were completely unprepared.
Dubček and other leaders were arrested. They were taken to Moscow to meet Brezhnev.
3/3 continuation of brezhnevs response to the prague spring?
Dubček was forced to sign the Moscow Protocol, which stated that Czechoslovakia would protect communism and the reforms would be reversed.
All the reforms were reversed when Dubček returned to Czechoslovakia.
In August 1968, the Brezhnev Doctrine was created. The USSR had the right to invade any country in its sphere of influence which threatened the stability of eastern Europe.
The USSR wanted to ensure it had full control over Czechoslovakia. In 1969, therefore, it replaced Dubček with Husak, a hard-line and reliable communist.
What was the reaction of the West to the Prague Spring and the Soviet invasion?
The UN wanted to condemn the invasion of Czechoslovakia by Warsaw Pact troops, but the USSR vetoed this.
The USA and the West condemned the invasion.
However, the USA did nothing because it was distracted by Vietnam, there was a US presidential election, and it was the beginning of détente.
What was the reaction of the communist world to the Prague Spring and the Soviet invasion?
Communists in western countries condemned the invasion and created their own version of communism, called Eurocommunism.
In France and Italy, the Communist Party condemned the USSR's actions.
Yugoslavia and Romania spoke out against the USSR's invasion, which worsened their relationship with the Soviet Union.
Poland and East Germany were very supportive of the invasion, as they were trying to control reformers in their own countries.
What was the importance of the Prague Spring?
They led to the creation of the Brezhnev Doctrine, which increased USSR control over eastern Europe.
It split the communist world, as communist parties in western Europe became independent of USSR control and communist China condemned the invasion.
It highlighted that, while the USA would condemn the USSR's actions, it wouldn't take any steps to stop them.
Who was behind the Brezhnev Doctrine?
Leonid Brezhnev, the leader of the USSR between 1964 and 1982, created the Brezhnev Doctrine.
What was the Brezhnev Doctrine?
The Brezhnev Doctrine stated that the USSR had the right to invade any country in its sphere of influence which threatened the stability of eastern Europe.
Why was the Brezhnev Doctrine introduced?
Brezhnev introduced the Brezhnev Doctrine after the Prague Spring because he realised he could not allow reforms in other eastern European nations.
When was the Brezhnev Doctrine created?
September 1968.
How did the West react to the Brezhnev Doctrine?
It was condemned by the USA.
Communist parties in the democratic west were shocked and broke away from the Soviet Communist Party to create their own version of communism, called Eurocommunism.
It was condemned by the UN.
How did the communists react to the Brezhnev Doctrine?
Communist governments in EastGermany and Poland welcomed it because they were attempting to control reformers in their own countries.
Romania and Yugoslavia were horrified. They tried to distance themselves from the USSR and be more independent.
What was the significance of the Brezhnev Doctrine for eastern Europe?
Countries in the eastern European bloc now had to obey strict Soviet rule or risk invasion.