Both the USSR and the USA wanted to ease tensions after the Cuban Missile Crisis because they came so close to nuclear war.
Brezhnev, the leader of the USSR, wanted an improved relationship with the USA as he wanted access to US technology and grain.
The USSR had economic problems and needed to cut defence spending so there was money to invest at home.
Both sides wanted to slow down the arms race because it was very expensive and they needed the money for domestic issues.
What were the key events of détente?
1968: Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
1972: SALT 1.
1973: Brezhnev, leader of the USSR, visited Washington to meet Nixon.
1975: Helsinki Accords and the Apollo-Soyuz Missions.
1979: SALT2.
What was the importance of détente?
The move towards détente led to the signing of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties, or SALT. These treaties were intended to limit the arms race in strategic ballistic missiles armed with nuclear weapons.
Why did détente end?
The main reason détente ended was due to the USSR's invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979
What was SALT 1?
The Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, or SALT 1, was an agreement between the superpowers to limit the number of nuclear weapons they had.
When was SALT 1 signed?
26th May, 1972.
What was agreed in SALT 1?
The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty stated anti-ballistic missiles (ABMs) were allowed at only two sites, with 100 missiles at each.
The Interim Treaty limited the number of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and submarine-launched cruise missiles (SLBMs) the USA and USSR could have.
There would be a five-year delay in building more missiles, so another treaty (SALT 2) would have to be negotiated at the end of that time.
The Basic Principles Agreement established what the USA and USSR would do to avoid nuclear war breaking out and the rules if it did occur.
What were the limitations of SALT 1?
It did not cover intermediate-range nuclear weapons, which were still being deployed by both countries.
It did not include multiple independently targeted reentry vehicles (MIRVs), which carried multiple warheads on a single missile.
Although it slowed down the arms race, both sides still had enough nuclear missiles to destroy the planet and there was no agreement not to use them.
Why was SALT 1 important?
It slowed the armsrace.
It showed an improvement in relations between the USA and the Soviet Union.
It led to further improvements such as the Helsinki Conference in 1975 and the SALT 2 negotiations.
What was the Helsinki Conference?
The Helsinki Conference focused on security and co-operation in Europe. The agreements made there are known as the Helsinki Accords.
When was the Helsinki Conference?
July 1973 to August 1975.
Why was the Helsinki Conference held?
The Helsinki Conference was held in an effort to reduce tensions between the Soviet and Western blocs.
How were the agreements split at the Helsinki Conference?
Basket 1: The current borders of European countries could not be changed or violated. No country could interfere in the affairs of another country. All disputes would be solved peacefully.
Basket 2: Promoted trade between East and West - the USA would buy Soviet oil; the Soviets would buy the USA's wheat. There would be scientific and educational cooperation.
Basket 3: To respect human rights such as freedom of speech and free movement.
What was the problem with the agreements made at the Helsinki Conference?
The Soviet Union continued to apply the Brezhnev Doctrine in eastern Europe, and anyone who opposed it was treated severely.
In reality, the Eastern Bloc countries did not uphold the human rights agreement.
When was the Apollo-Soyuz mission?
July 1975.
What was the Apollo-Soyuz mission?
The Apollo-Soyuz mission was a joint mission between the USA and the USSR. Their crafts docked in space and the astronauts shook hands.
What was the significance of the Apollo-Soyuz mission?
The Apollo-Soyuz mission was significant because it was the first time the USSR and USA had cooperated in space rather than competing. It was a sign of détente.
When was SALT 2 signed?
SALT 2 was signed in June 1979, but it was not ratified by the US Senate so did not become official US policy.
What was SALT 2?
The Strategic Arms Limitations Talks 2 was the second round of talks to limit the use of multi-warhead missiles and the creation of new launch stations.
What was agreed in SALT 2?
There would be further reductions in nuclear weapons until 1985, which would limit the number of long-range missiles.
The USA and USSR would have an equal limit of 2,400 in the number of missile launchers and also in strategic bombs (ICBMs, SLBMs and heavy bombers).
New types of ICBMs were banned from being tested or deployed.
What were the reactions to SALT 2?
Some US politicians thought SALT 2 gave too much to the Soviet Union, and it was never ratified in the USA.
West German politicians believed it made the USA less likely to use nuclear weapons to protect West Germany.
What were the limitations of SALT 2?
The limits imposed on the number of missiles did not reduce the overall numbers each country had.
What happened to SALT 2?
Diplomatic relations between the USA and the Soviet Union were broken off in 1980 because of the USSR's invasion of Afghanistan in 1979.
The Senate refused to sign SALT 2, despite Carter and Brezhnev having signed it in 1979.
The arms race escalated when the USA restarted building nuclear and conventional weapons. The USSR reacted by developing a new medium-range missile, the SS20.