2

• Non-specific immunity


  Innate, even before birth. Addresses any microbe

  
• Specific immunity


  To particular microbe

  
• Stratum corneum


  • Mechanical barrier
• 2nd line of defense


  • Prevent growth of microbes

  
• Parts of 3rd line of defense

  • Complement
  • Inflammation
• Complement and inflammation are primarily 2nd line of defense
• Tissue injury


  1. Inflammation

  2. Vasodilation

  3. Permeability

  4. Emigration of Leukocytes

  5. Phagocytes

  
• Vasodilation


  Increased in blood flow, carries it with heat that's why inflamed area is hot. Color red because of blood flow. Erythematous.
• Permeability


  Cytokines causes endothelial cells to be further apart, allows exit of fluid from blood to the interstitium. Accumulation of fluid causes swelling.

  
• Phagocytes


  Chemotaxis - macrophages go to the area where there is bacteria.

  
• Exudate


  Includes proteins and fluid that exits the blood vessels

  
• Enhanced phagocytosis


  When bacteria is coated with proteins
• Occurs when there is employment of adaptive response
• Regulatory cells


  Prevent excessive response, balances the activated lymphocytes
• You exhaust the components of immune response, so you don't have reaction anymore

  
• Active acquired immunity


  Requires activating the immune system to produce antibodies

  
• Vaccines


  Present antigen to body so our body can create antibodies
• Passive acquired immunity


  Antibody responds immediately as it is injected
• Types of passive acquired immunity


  • Antibodies are directly injected for immediate injection
  • Natural, you develop it naturally, e.g. chicken pox
  • Artificial - gives antigen artificially, e.g. vaccine
• Vaccines


  • Sinopharm
  • Sinovac
• Suppressor T cells


  Suppress the reaction because too much is bad
• Anaphylactic shock


  Hypotension, decreased blood volume, increased permeability, fluid in blood vessels goes out and into the tissue
• First response is usually mild, the 2nd response is the one that causes reaction
• Protozoan groups


  • SARCODINA - AMOEBA
  • MASTIGOPHORA - FLAGELLATES
  • CILIOPHORA - CILIATES
  • APICOMPLEXA - SPOROZOA

  
• Both are facultative
• American


  Si Cruz ay mahilig sa kiss sa lips (Kissing bugs)
• African


  Si Bruce ay mahilig mag chacha (Tsetse)
• Promastigotes


  Injected to new hosts, infective stage
• Complex apex


  • -
• Hosts


  • Mosquito - definitive host
  • Human - intermediate host
• Malaria life cycle


  Sporozoites → Merozoites → Trophozoites → Merozoites → Gametocytes
• Endemic in Palawan
• P. vivax and ovale

  Can transform into dormant parasites
• Cold stage


  Cytokines can switch thermostat to higher level
• P. falciparum


  Cerebral malaria
• Monoecious


  They still pair with other, they do not replicate on their own. Depends on them which one they will use - versa sila!!
• Ascaris


  • Advanced organism
  • Can infect also pigs
  • Infective egg contains a larva
• Ascaris life cycle


  Egg fertilized → Develop larva → Ingested → Goes to lungs → Coughed para mabalik sa mouth → Goes back and reswallowed → Matures in small intestine
• Eosinophil


  For parasitism
• Intussusception


  Distal intestines goes inside the proximal intestine