Musculoskeletal and Cardiorespiratory Systems - Movement

• Anatomy


  The study of body structure and the relationship between body structures
• Physiology


  The study of how the body works and the various functions of body parts
• The Skeletal System


  • Protects vital organs and provides the body with support and ability to move
  • 206 bones
  • Framework for muscle, tissue and organs
  • Protects organs
  • Movement from skeletal + muscular systems
  • Bones connected at joints
• Functions of the Skeletal System

  • Support
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Mineral Storage
  • Blood Cell Production
  • Storage of energy
• Components of the Skeletal System

  • Bones
  • Cartilage
  • Ligaments
  • Tendons
  • Other connective tissue
• Bones


  Main functions of support, protection, movement, mineral + energy storage and blood cell production
• Ligaments


  Connective tissue that stabilises + bone to bone. Serves to hold structures together and keep them stable
• Tendons


  Attaches muscles to bones. May also attach muscles to structures, such as the eyeball
• Divisions of the Skeleton

  • Axial
  • Appendicular
• Appendicular Skeleton


  • Limb bones, allows/conducts major movement
  • Consists of the arms and legs
  • Attached to the main body structure
  • Includes bones of the upper and lower arms, wrists, hands, pelvic area, upper and lower legs, and feet
  • Supports upright posture and movement
• Axial Skeleton


  • Central axis of the body, doesn't move much at all → no conduct of movement
  • Comprises 80 of the body's 206 bones, all in the upper body
  • Includes the skull, vertebrae, and thorax
• Types of Bones


  • Flat Bone
  • Long Bone
  • Short Bone
  • Irregular Bone
  • Sesamoid Bone
• Flat Bone


  Protect internal organs such as the brain, heart, and pelvic organs. Provide large areas of attachment for muscles
• Long Bone


  Support the weight of the body and facilitate movement
• Short Bone


  Provides stability and some movement
• Irregular Bone


  Have a fairly complex shape, which helps protect internal organs. The irregular bones protect organs in the pelvic cavity
• Sesamoid Bone


  Embedded in tendons. Function to protect tendons from stress and wear
• Examples of Flat Bones

  • Cranium
  • The thoracic cage (sternum and ribs)
  • The pelvis
• Examples of Long Bones

  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • Femur
  • Metatarsals
  • Phalanges
  • Humerus
  • Radius
  • Ulna
  • Metacarpals and phalanges
• Examples of Short Bones

  • Carpals in the wrist
  • Tarsals in the ankles
• Examples of Irregular Bones

  • Vertebrae
  • Cervical spine
  • Thoracic spine
  • Lumbar spine
  • Sacrum
• Examples of Sesamoid Bones

  • Hands
  • Knees
  • Feet
  • Patella (commonly referred to as the kneecap)
• Long Bone Structure


  • Two parts: diaphysis and epiphysis
  • Diaphysis: Tubular shaft between proximal and distal ends, contains medullary cavity filled with yellow marrow, walls composed of dense, compact bone
  • Epiphysis: Wider section at each end of the bone, filled with spongy bone, contains red marrow
  • Epiphyseal Plate: Found at the proximal end of the bone, also known as a growth plate, cartilage that allows bone growth until adulthood
  • Medullary Cavity: Site of bone growth, repair, and remodelling
  • Periosteum: Fibrous membrane covering outer surface of bone (except at joints)
• Anatomical positions & terminology

  • The humerus is located proximal to the radius and ulna
  • The sternum is located medial to the ribs
  • The skull is located superior to the mandible
  • The fibula is located posterior to the tibia
• Joints


  • Where two bones meet or articulate
  • Facilitate movement and stability
  • Various types of joints in the body, each allowing different levels of movement
  • Classified based on the amount of movement they permit
  • Responsible for movement and skeletal cohesion
  • Provide resistance against force but are the weakest part of the skeleton
  • Joint structure determines its function
• Types of Joints


  • Fibrous Joints (fixed joints or immovable joints)
  • Cartilaginous Joints (slightly movable)
  • Synovial Joints (freely movable joints)
• Fibrous Joints


  No movement is possible, the bones have no cavity
• Cartilaginous Joints


  Bones have no joint cavity and are joined together by cartilage, limited movement is available
• Synovial Joints


  Most common type of joint. Depending on the type of synovial joint, these joints provide a varying degree of movement. There are six different types of synovial joints
• Types of Synovial Joints

  • Ball and Socket
  • Hinge
  • Saddle
  • Gliding
  • Pivot
  • Condyloid
• Synovial Joint Features


  • Provide varying degrees of movement
  • Not directly connected to fibrous tissue/cartilage = movement
  • Synovial Fluid: a rich viscous fluid that acts as a lubricant, nourishes the articular cartilage
  • Articular Cartilage: covers the ends of bones to provide cushioning
  • Joint Capsule/articular capsule: encloses the joint cavity
  • Synovial Membrane: secrets the fluid into the joint
  • Bursa: a small sac containing synovial fluid located at friction sites between the tendons and bones, reduces friction and creates extra cushioning
  • Tendons: cords of dense connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
  • Ligaments: dense connective tissue that joins bone to bone
• Joint Actions


  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Abduction
  • Adduction
  • Circumduction
  • Rotation
  • Supination
  • Pronation
  • Inversion
  • Eversion
  • Plantarflexion
  • Dorsiflexion
• Flexion


  When the angle between body parts decreases at a joint, often happening in a forward motion in the body's front surfaces (anterior)
• Extension


  When the angle between body parts increases at a joint, typically happening in a backward motion along the body's midline
• Abduction


  When a body part moves away from the body's midline, usually sideways, in the frontal plane
• Adduction


  When a body part moves toward the body's midline or even past it, usually in a sideways direction, in the frontal plane
• Circumduction


  Happens when the end of a limb moves in a circular motion, covering a full circle of 360 degrees while the base stays still
• Rotation


  When a body part twists in the transverse plane. It can be internal (moving inward) or external (moving outward)
• Supination


  Of the forearm is when the hand rotates to being palm up
• Pronation


  Of the forearm is when the hand rotates to being palm down