Colonialism and Response (16th-19th Century)

• who wrote Hidden Voices: Re-examining the conquest of the Philippines

  Jose Pascual
• pre-hispanic societies in the Philippines

  Negrillos, Zambales, Bisayans, and Tagalogs
• which pre-hispanic groups are hunter-gatherers and lived in forested mountains

  Negrillos and Zambales
• which pre-hispanic societies were sedentary and lived in low -lying polities

  Bisayans and Tagalogs
• what are pre-hispanic economies

  1. maritime raising

  2. looting of prestigious goods

  3. trading with other chiefdoms
• was there a centralized political power

  no
• according to pascual what are the social hierarchies in pre-hispanic societies

  1. Datu
  2. Timawa
  3. Alipin or Oripun
  4. Namamahay
  5. Sagigilid
• roles of the Datu

  • settle disputes (judicial authority)
  • redistribute goods (economy)
  • authority (executive)
  • wars
• where does the power of the datu lie

  victories and number of slaves
• purpose of pre-hispanic warfare

  1. slave capturing
  2. looting
• why is slave-capturing in pre-hispanic Philippines important

  shortage pf human resources
• did the women and homosexuals play essential roles in early religion

  yes
• who could be elected as alcaldes and gobernadorcillos

  datu and upper classes
• what forms of labor did the spaniards introduce

  1. repartimiento
  2. bandala system
  3. tributo
• role of the native in Spanish conquest (accommodation)

  1. native troops
  2. navigators
  3. quelled rebellions
• what were the rewards to Kapampangans

  1. loot
  2. encomienda or land grants
  3. payments
• who did Don Francisco Maniago fought

  1. Gobernador General Manrique de Lara
  2. Pampanga Chief Don Juan Macapagal
• how much was the reward to Macapagal after quelling the pampanga revolt

  500 ducats
• how did Chirino describe natives

  heathens
• what were the qualities of the Tagalogs that were admired by Spaniards

  1. politeness, good breeding
  2. language
  3. similarity of the religion to Christianity
• similarities of the Tagalog religion to Christianity

  1. one god —> Bathala and God
  2. duality of humans —> body and soul
  3. afterlife —> Casanaan and heaven
  4. respected priest —> bayog or bayogin, friar
  5. intercessors —> anitos and saints
• what did the Spaniards to the women and transgenders

  diminished, removed roles and privileges in the spiritual sphere
• what did the spaniards do to muslims

  enslaved and sold
• who wrote colonial urban planning and land structures in the philippines

  Pilar Chias and Tomas Abad
• oldest colonial settlements on the Philippines

  forts and villages surrounded by hostile Muslim territories located at the coast
• main guidelines of Leyes de Indias

  1. develop in safe harbors on inlets, bays, and river banks; headlands to control the territories or farming settlements in fertile plains; easiest terrestrial and maritime connections to other settlements
  2. choose healthy places
  3. regular grid (separate Spanish and native quarters)
  4. cities —> at least 10 residents (farmers and cattle-raisers)
  5. must be admired by the natives
  6. prevent damage to native settlements and their rights
• Cities according to function

  1. port cities —> foreign trade
  2. military port cities —> sea power
  3. secondary ports and anchorages —> local trade line and natural harbors
  4. forts on headlands
  5. inner plots and cities
  6. cities at riverside
• cities according to urban types

  1. regular grid
  2. distorted grid
  3. itinerary or linear
  4. irregular shape
  5. ideal plan towns
• city composed of rectangular blocks with main buildings facing the Plaza Mayor

  Regular Grid Cities
• what is the purpose of secondary squares in regular grid cities

  for other urban uses —> port or trading activities
• example of regular grid city

  Vigan
• what causes cities with distorted grids

  geographical conditions
• which city type absorbed the neighboring native settlements and suburbs into the new urban structure

  distorted grid
• cities with streets running parallel along the main road

  linear cities
• usual plan for native settlements and spontaneous suburban developments

  irregularly shaped cities
• cities with square grids inside more or less regular polygonal walls

  ideal plan towns
• example of ideal plan town

  inner city of Manila - Intramuros

  Batangas
• examples of itinerary or linear cities

  caloocan, marilao, sinait, and bamban
• examples of irregularly shaped Manila

  old suburbs of Manila and Jolo
• where were first Spanish settlements located

  headlands