MICROPARA PRELIM

• Microbiology


  The study of all living organisms that are too small to be visible with the naked eye
• Microbes


  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
  • Viruses
  • Fungi
  • Prions
  • Protozoa
  • Algae
• Branches of Microbiology (by Taxonomy)


  • Bacteriology
  • Virology
  • Parasitology
  • Mycology
  • Immunology
  • Nematology
  • Phycology
  • Protozoology
• Branches of Microbiology (by Type of Applied Microbiological Research)

  • Agricultural Microbiology
  • Food Microbiology
  • Medical Microbiology
  • Microbial Biotechnology
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology
• Relevance of Microbiology to Nursing

  • Involved in controlling infection in hospital setting
  • To know about harmful and harmless microorganisms to human being
  • To apply the microbiology knowledge in healthcare for drug production, diagnosis and sterilization methods and aseptic techniques
  • To know on how to properly handle patients and specimens infected with communicable diseases
• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek


  The Father of Microbiology, first to publish observations of bacteria
• Abiogenesis/Spontaneous Generation


  Life comes from Non life
• Francesco Redi


  Father of Modern Parasitology, first person to challenge the theory of spontaneous generation
• Louis Pasteur


  Father of Bacteriology, renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization
• Robert Koch


  Founders of Modern bacteriology, first to use oil immersion lens, condenser and microphotography in microscopy
• Microbiology


  The study of all living organisms that are too small to be visible with the naked eye, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, prions, protozoa and algae
• Germ Theory


  Defined the procedure (Koch's postulates) for proving that a specific organism causes a specific disease
• Branches of Microbiology (by Taxonomy)


  • Bacteriology - study of bacteria
  • Virology - study of viruses
  • Parasitology - study of unicellular and multicellular parasites
  • Mycology - study of fungal microorganisms
  • Immunology - study of the immune system
  • Nematology - study of nematodes (roundworms)
  • Phycology - study of algae
  • Protozoology - study of protozoa
• Robert Hooke


  First use of the word cell in the sense of a basic unit of organisms, also discovered microscope
• Jan Baptist van Helmont

  Accepted the ideas of spontaneous generation, proposed that mice could arise from rags and wheat kernels
• Branches of Microbiology (by Type of Applied Microbiological Research)

  • Agricultural Microbiology - study of microorganisms that interact with plants and soils
  • Food Microbiology - study of microorganisms that spoil food or cause foodborne illnesses, and how microorganisms are used in food production
  • Medical Microbiology - study of microorganisms responsible for human disease
  • Microbial Biotechnology - using microbes in industrial or consumer products
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology - study of microorganisms used in pharmaceutical products, such as vaccines and antibiotics
• John Needham


  Briefly boiled broth infused with plant or animal matter, observed new microbes and argued they must have arisen spontaneously
• Lazzaro Spallanzani


  Did not agree with Needham's conclusions, heated but sealed flasks remained clear, suggesting microbes were introduced from the air
• Relevance of Microbiology to Nursing

  • Involved in controlling infection in hospital setting
  • To know about harmful and harmless microorganisms to human being
  • To apply microbiology knowledge in healthcare for drug production, diagnosis and sterilization methods and aseptic techniques
  • To know how to properly handle patients and specimens infected with communicable diseases
• Shibasaburo Kitasato


  Discovered the bacterium that causes bubonic plague (Y.pestis)
• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek


  The "Father of Microbiology", first to publish observations of bacteria
• Taxonomy


  Systemic classification of living organisms
• Abiogenesis/Spontaneous Generation


  The theory that life comes from non-life
• Taxonomists


  • Aristotle
  • Carl Linnaeus
  • Ernst Henrich Haeckel
  • Robert Whittaker
  • Carl Woese
• Francesco Redi


  The "Father of Modern Parasitology", first to challenge the theory of spontaneous generation
• Robert Whittaker's 5 Kingdom Classification System

  • Kingdom Monera (Prokaryotes)
  • Kingdom Protista
  • Kingdom Fungi
  • Kingdom Animalia
  • Kingdom Plantae
• Louis Pasteur


  The "Father of Bacteriology", renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization
• Robert Koch


  One of the "Founders of Modern Bacteriology", first to use oil immersion lens, condenser and microphotography in microscopy, and defined the procedure (Koch's postulates) for proving that a specific organism causes a specific disease
• Carl Woese's 3 Domain System

  • Archaebacteria
  • Eubacteria
  • Eukaryotes
• Robert Hooke


  First used the word "cell" in the sense of a basic unit of organisms, and discovered the microscope
• Health Care Epidemiology


  Includes any activities designed to study and improve patient-care outcomes
• Jan Baptist van Helmont

  Accepted the ideas of spontaneous generation, proposed that mice could arise from rags and wheat kernels
• Health Care Epidemiology Activities

  • Surveillance measures
  • Risk reduction programs focused on device and procedure management
  • Policy development & implementation
  • Education of health care personnel in infection control practices and procedures
  • Interrupt the transmission of infection
  • Protect patients, health care personnel and visitors against infection & disease
• John Needham


  Briefly boiled broth infused with plant or animal matter, observed that the broth had become cloudy and contained numerous microscopic creatures, and argued that the new microbes must have arisen spontaneously
• Infectious Disease


  An infection that is acquired within the hospitals or other health facilities (Nosocomial Infection)
• Community Acquired Infection


  An infection that is acquired outside health facilities
• Iatrogenic Infection


  An infection that is caused by a surgeon, another physician or other health care worker, e.g. UTI due to catheterization
• Lazzaro Spallanzani


  Did not agree with Needham's conclusions, heated but sealed flasks remained clear, suggesting that microbes were introduced into these flasks from the air
• Shibasaburo Kitasato


  Discovered the bacterium that causes bubonic plague (Y. pestis)
• Pathogens Most Often Involved in HAIs

  • Clostridium difficle
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae
  • Escherichia coli