guidance + feedback

• Visual guidance


  When the performer is shown the skill e.g. videos, pictures and Demonstrations
• Pictures


  • Must be clear
• Demonstrations


  • Must be seen more than once and be of good quality so poor movement is not copied
  • Must be clearly visible
• Verbal guidance


  When the performer is told information about how to complete the correct technique
• Verbal guidance


  • Information must be clear so it is understood
  • Information must be concise (not confusing)
  • Performer must be able to hear the information
• Manual guidance


  Where a coach physically supports or moves the performer to help them get into the correct position
• Manual guidance


  • Tennis coach moving the racket arm in the correct range of motion for a forehand drive
  • A trampoline coach supporting a front somersault
  • A gymnastics coach supporting a balance
• Mechanical guidance


  Where the coach uses equipment to support the performer to help them with technique
• Mechanical guidance


  • Using a harness when learning backward somersaults on a trampoline
  • Using floats to develop leg strength when swimming
• Intrinsic feedback


  Feedback within the performer
• Intrinsic feedback


  • Performer understands how the movement feels from feedback from the muscles
  • Important so performers can spot their own errors
  • Should be developed so the performer is not reliant on others
  • Used by experienced performers as the skill is well learnt and they can make amendments to their own performance based on their internal feedback
• Intrinsic feedback


  • When a gymnast is performing a somersault, they will be able to use internal feedback from their muscles to readjust their body to successfully perform the skill
• Extrinsic feedback


  Feedback from outside the performer
• Extrinsic feedback


  • Important as someone watching the skill can observe and explain what needs to be done to correct it
  • Used by less experienced performers as they are unlikely to detect their own errors
• Extrinsic feedback


  • When a gymnast is performing a somersault the may land falling backwards. A coach may tell them to stay tucked for longer, which will enable them to land on their feet
• Positive feedback


  Being told what was good about your performance or technique
• Positive feedback


  • Can be motivating especially for beginners
• Positive feedback


  • A gymnast may be told that they had their knees straight and their toes pointed when performing a pike
• Negative feedback


  Being told what was wrong about your performance or technique
• Negative feedback


  • Used by experienced performers so they can correct errors and improve technique
• Negative feedback


  • A football player may be told why they were out of position which led to a goal. They can correct this in the future
• Knowledge of results


  Focuses on whether your performance got the result you wanted
• Knowledge of results


  • They can focus on what needs to be done which can be applied through knowledge of performance
  • Useful for beginners to see how far they are from achieving the result they want
• Knowledge of results


  • Did you make 9 tackles during the game
  • Did you run 100m in 13 seconds
• Knowledge of performance


  Focuses on the way you carried out the skill or technique
• Knowledge of performance


  • Useful for more advanced performers to see what needs to be done to improve technique
• Knowledge of performance


  • Did you have a high knee lift when sprinting the 100m
  • Did you use the correct grip when performing a backhand drive
• Intrinsic feedback


  • An experienced performer uses intrinsic feedback from their muscles to adjust their body position to perform the skill successfully
• Extrinsic feedback


  • A less experienced performer gets extrinsic feedback from their coach to explain how their performance can be improved
• Knowledge of performance


  • An experienced performer may use knowledge of performance so they can improve future results
• Positive feedback


  • A beginner gets positive feedback on how well they performed this can motivate them in future performances
• Negative feedback


  • An experienced performer may need telling what they did wrong so they can use this information to correct errors in performance or technique
• Knowledge of results


  • A beginner may use knowledge of results so they understand what needs to be done to improve performance this can be applied through knowledge of performance