Anatomy

• Terminology

  • Anatomical Position
  • Skin
  • Skeletal System
  • Muscular System
  • Cardiovascular System
  • Lymphatic System
  • Respiratory System
  • Nervous System
  • Endocrine System
  • Gastrointestinal System
  • Urinary System
  • Reproductive System
  • Body Cavities
  • Overview of Early Development
  • Imaging the Internal Anatomy
• Anatomical Position

  Standing erect and facing forward, arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward, legs placed together with feet facing forward
• Anatomical Descriptions

  • Based on a person in the anatomical position
  • Referenced to one or more of three distinct body planes: sagittal, frontal (coronal), transverse (axial)
• Terms of Relationship

  • Anterior (ventral)- Near the front
  • Posterior (dorsal)- Near the back
  • Superior (cranial)- towards the head
  • Inferior (caudal)- towards the feet
  • Medial - centre of the body (Toward the midline or median plane)
  • Lateral- Farther from the midline or median plane
  • Proximal - near the reference point
  • Distal - away from reference point
  • Superficial - closer to the surface
  • Deep - farther from the surface
• Body Planes

  • Sagittal plane
  • Frontal (coronal) plane
  • Transverse (axial) plane
• Movements

  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Abduction
  • Adduction
  • Medial rotation
  • Lateral rotation
  • Elevation
  • Depression
  • Pronation
  • Supination
  • Circumduction
  • Eversion
  • Inversion
  • Dorsiflexion
  • Plantarflexion
  • Retrusion
  • Protrusion
• The human body is remarkably complex and remarkably consistent anatomically, but normal variations do exist, often related to size, gender, age, number, shape, and attachment
• Structures with common anatomical variations

  • Bones
  • Muscles
  • Organs
  • Arteries
  • Veins
• Skin


  The largest organ in the body, accounting for about 15% to 20% of the total body mass
• Functions of the skin

  • Protection
  • Temperature regulation
  • Sensations
  • Endocrine regulation
  • Exocrine secretions
• Layers of the skin

  • Epidermis (outer protective layer)
  • Dermis (dense connective tissue layer)

  
• Fascia


  A connective tissue sheet that may contain variable amounts of fat, can interconnect structures, provide a conduit for vessels and nerves, and provide a sheath around structures

  
• Types of fascia


  • Superficial fascia
  • Deep fascia
• Degrees of burn injury

  • First-degree (superficial)
  • Second-degree (partial-thickness)
  • Third-degree (full-thickness)
• Descriptive regions of the skeleton

  • Axial skeleton
  • Appendicular skeleton
• Skeleton


  • Composed of living, dynamic, rigid connective tissue that forms the bones and cartilages
  • Humans have about 214 bones, although this number varies
  • Cartilage is attached to some bones, especially where flexibility is important, or covers the surfaces of bones at points of articulation
  • About 99% of the body's calcium is stored in bone, and many bones possess a central cavity that contains bone marrow
• Langer's lines


  Collagen in the skin creates tension lines
• Skin incisions


  1. Surgeons sometimes use Langer's lines

  2. Other times, they may use the natural skin folds

  3. Incision wounds tend to gape less when the incision is parallel to Langer's lines

  4. Skin fold incisions may conceal the scar following healing of the incision
• Generally, humans have about 214 bones, although this number varies, particularly in the number of small sesamoid bones that may be present
• Many resources claim we have only 206 bones, but they have ignored the 8 sesamoid bones of the hands and feet
• Cartilage is attached to some bones, especially where flexibility is important, or covers the surfaces of bones at points of articulation
• About 99% of the body's calcium is stored in bone, and many bones possess a central cavity that contains bone marrow—a collection of hemopoietic (blood-forming) cells
• Bone shapes


  • Long
  • Short
  • Flat
  • Irregular
  • Sesamoid
• Functions of the skeletal system

  • Support
  • Protection of vital organs
  • A mechanism, along with muscles, for movement
  • Storage of calcium and other salts, growth factors, and cytokines
  • A source of blood cells
• Regions of the axial skeleton

  • Skull (22)
  • Thoracic cage (25)
  • Vertebral column (26)
• Regions of the appendicular skeleton

  • Pectoral girdle (4)
  • Upper limbs (64)
  • Pelvic girdle (2)
  • Lower limbs (64)
• Compact bone


  A relatively solid mass of bone, commonly seen as a superficial layer of bone, that provides strength
• Spongy (trabecular or cancellous) bone

  A less dense trabeculated network of bone spicules making up the substance of most bones and surrounding an inner marrow cavity
• Regions of a long bone

  • Epiphysis
  • Epiphysial plate
  • Metaphysis
  • Diaphysis
• Blood supply to bone

  • Nutrient arteries
  • Metaphysial and epiphysial arteries
  • Periosteal arteries
• Bone markings


  • Condyle
  • Crest
  • Epicondyle
  • Facet
  • Fissure
  • Foramen
  • Fossa
  • Groove
  • Line
  • Malleolus
  • Meatus
  • Process
  • Protuberance
  • Ramus
  • Spine
  • Trochanter
  • Tubercle
  • Tuberosity
• Intramembranous bone formation


  Most flat bones develop by direct calcium deposition into a mesenchymal (primitive mesoderm) precursor or model of the bone
• Endochondral bone formation


  Most long and irregularly shaped bones develop by calcium deposition into a cartilaginous model of the bone that provides a scaffold for the future bone
• Sequence of endochondral bone formation

  • Formation of a thin collar of bone around a hyaline cartilage model
  • Cavitation of the primary ossification center and invasion of vessels, nerves, lymphatics, red marrow elements, and osteoblasts
  • Formation of spongy (cancellous) endochondral bone on calcified spicules
  • Diaphysis elongation, formation of the central marrow cavity, and appearance of the secondary ossification centers in the epiphyses
  • Long bone growth during childhood
  • Epiphysial fusion occurring from puberty into maturity (early to mid-20s)
• Types of joints


  • Fibrous (synarthroses)
  • Cartilaginous (amphiarthroses)
  • Synovial (diarthroses)
• Types of fibrous joints

  • Sutures
  • Syndesmoses
  • Gomphoses
• Types of cartilaginous joints

  • Primary (synchondrosis)
  • Secondary (symphysis)
• Types of synovial joints

  • Hinge (ginglymus)
  • Pivot (trochoid)
  • Saddle
  • Condyloid (ellipsoid)
  • Plane (gliding)
  • Ball-and-socket (spheroid)
• Types of muscle


  • Skeletal
  • Cardiac
  • Smooth
• Skeletal muscle


  Striated muscle fibers that are attached to bone and are responsible for movements of the skeleton