Ftc4

• Intellectual Disability


  Significantly sub-average general intellectual functioning, behavior and manifested during the developmental period, that adversely affects a child's educational performance
• Intellectual Disability (DSM-5)


  Disorder with onset during the developmental period that includes both intellectual and adaptive functioning deficits in conceptual, social, and practical domains
• Intellectual functioning


  • Reasoning, problem solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, and learning from experience
• Adaptive behavior


  • How a person manages in daily life and how they're able to do the things that are expected of their age within their culture
• Common causes of intellectual disabilities

  • Genetic conditions
  • Complications during pregnancy
  • Problems during birth
  • Diseases or toxic exposure
• Behavioral issues associated with intellectual disability

  • Aggression
  • Dependency
  • Withdrawal from social activities
  • Attention-seeking behavior
  • Depression during adolescent and teen years
  • Lack of impulse control
  • Low tolerance for frustration
  • Psychotic disorders
  • Difficulty paying attention
• Physical characteristics associated with intellectual disability

  • Short stature
  • Facial abnormalities
• Levels of intellectual disability

  • Mild
  • Moderate
  • Severe
  • Profound
• Mild intellectual disability


  IQ range of 50 to 69, taking longer to learn to talk but communicating well once they know how, being fully independent in self-care when they get older, having problems with reading and writing, increased difficulty with the responsibilities of marriage or parenting, benefiting from specialized education plans
• Moderate intellectual disability


  Generally having an IQ range of 35 to 49, slow in understanding and using language, may have some difficulties with communication, can learn basic reading, writing, and counting skills, generally unable to live alone, can often get around on their own to familiar places, can take part in various types of social activities
• Severe intellectual disability


  Generally having an IQ range of 20 to 34, noticeable motor impairment, severe damage to, or abnormal development of, their central nervous system
• Profound intellectual disability


  Having an IQ of less than 20, inability to understand or comply with requests or instructions, possible immobility, very basic nonverbal communication, inability to care for their own needs independently, the need of constant help and supervision
• Types of intellectual disability

  • Trisomy 21 or Down Syndrome
  • Fragile X syndrome
  • Developmental delay
  • Prader-Willi Syndrome
  • Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
  • Phenylketonuria
  • Cerebral Palsy
• Down Syndrome


  The most common chromosomal anomaly in humans, caused by an extra chromosome at position 21, physical characteristics can include a slight upward slant of the eyes, a rounded face, and a short stature
• Fragile X syndrome


  The most common known cause of an inherited intellectual disability worldwide, caused by a mutation in the X chromosome, can include a developmental delay, intellectual disability, communication difficulties, anxiety, ADHD, and behaviours similar to autism
• Developmental delay


  Child develops at a slower rate compared to other children of the same age, development may be affected including their ability to move, communicate, learn, understand, or interact with other children
• Prader-Willi Syndrome


  The most common of the genetic disorders that cause life-threatening obesity in children, affects many aspects of a person's life including eating, behavior and mood, physical growth, and intellectual development
• Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder


  Conditions caused when an unborn fetus is exposed to alcohol, can include distinctive facial features, deformities of joints, damage to organs, slow physical growth, learning difficulties, poor memory and judgement, behavioural problems, and poor social skills
• Phenylketonuria


  An inherited disorder that can cause intellectual and developmental disabilities if untreated, the body can't process part of a protein called phenylalanine which can damage the brain if levels get too high
• Cerebral Palsy


  Disorders that appear in infancy or early childhood which permanently affect body movement and muscle coordination, caused by abnormalities in parts of the brain that control muscle movements
• Educational considerations for students with intellectual disability

  • General education involvement
  • Supplementary aids and services
  • Adaptive skills development
  • Transition planning
• A child with an intellectual disability can do well in school but is likely to need the individualized help that's available as special education and related services
• The level of help and support needed will depend upon the degree of intellectual disability involved
• Supplementary aids and services

  Support provided to students with intellectual disabilities in the classroom, including making accommodations appropriate to their needs
• Adaptive skills to be developed


  • Communicating with others
  • Taking care of personal needs
  • Health and safety
  • Home living
  • Social skills
  • Reading, writing, and basic math
  • Workplace skills
• Transition planning for students with disabilities must begin no later than the first IEP to be in effect when they turn 16
• Possible causes of learning disabilities

  • Inherited condition
  • Chromosome abnormalities
  • Complications during birth
  • Very premature birth
  • Mother's illness during pregnancy
  • Mother drinking during pregnancy
  • Debilitating illness or injury in early childhood
• Most frequently displayed characteristics of learning disabilities

  • Short attention span
  • Poor memory
  • Difficulty following directions
  • Inability to discriminate between/among letters, numerals, or sounds
  • Poor reading and/or writing ability
• Other characteristics that may be present in learning disabilities

  • Performs differently from day to day
  • Responds inappropriately in many instances
  • Distractible, restless, impulsive
  • Says one thing, means another
  • Difficult to discipline
  • Doesn't adjust well to change
• Types of learning disabilities

  • Dyslexia - learning disabilities in reading
  • Dyscalculia - learning disabilities in math
  • Dysgraphia - learning disabilities in writing
  • Dyspraxia - learning disabilities in motor skills
  • Aphasia/Dysphasia - learning disabilities in language
• Dyslexia


  Two types - basic reading problems with understanding the relationship between sounds, letters and words, and reading comprehension problems with grasping the meaning of words, phrases, and paragraphs
• Dyscalculia


  A child with a math-based learning disorder may struggle with memorization and organization of numbers, operation signs, and number, as well as have trouble with counting principles or telling time
• Dysgraphia


  Basic writing disorder refers to physical difficulty forming words and letters, expressive writing disability indicates a struggle to organize thoughts on paper
• Dyspraxia


  Motor difficulty refers to problems with movement and coordination, whether fine motor skills or gross motor skills
• Aphasia/Dysphasia


  Language and communication learning disabilities involve the ability to understand or produce spoken language
• Problems with writing for learners with disabilities

  • Neatness and consistency of writing
  • Accurately copying letters and words
  • Spelling consistency
  • Writing organization and coherence
• Dyspraxia


  • Learning disabilities in motor skills
  • Motor difficulty refers to problems with movement and coordination whether it is with fine motor skills (cutting, writing) or gross motor skills (running, jumping)
  • A motor disability is sometimes referred to as an "output" activity meaning that it relates to the output of information from the brain
• Signs of motor coordination disability

  Problems with physical abilities that require hand-eye coordination, like holding a pencil or buttoning a shirt
• Aphasia/Dysphasia


  • Learning disabilities in language
  • Language and communication learning disabilities involve the ability to understand or produce spoken language
• Signs of language-based learning disorder


  Problems with verbal language skills, such as the ability to retell a story, the fluency of speech, and the ability to understand the meaning of words, directions, and the like