sts 1st quiz

• Buried artifacts and ancient structure are proof of existence of science and since the ancient times
• Contributions and advances of different civilizations

  • Mathematics
  • Medicine
  • Agriculture (able to know seasons)
  • Engineering (techniques to create infrastructure)
  • Architecture
  • Astronomy (map movement of stars and seasons)
  • Commerce
  • Education
  • Social management
  • Manufacturing
  • Arts
  • Chocolates
• Largest civilizations


  • Aztec
  • Maya
  • Inca (Peru)
• Aztec and Toltec civilization

  • Urban
  • Great city builders
  • Advanced infrastructure
  • Public latrines
• Written works of Aztec and Toltec civilizations were wiped out when they were colonized by Spaniards because they were created by the devil
• Imposed mandatory educational system


  Introduced public school to the world
• Roles of leaders in Aztec and Toltec civilization


  • Administrative leader
  • Religious teacher
• Technical and domestic roles in Aztec and Toltec civilization

  • Builds territory
• Maya civilization


  • Most peaceful
  • Dwells in forest
  • Astronomy and math
  • Calendar is somewhat same as Mayan
• Mayan calendar


  Used to record achievement and schedule for planting and harvesting
• Inca civilization


  • Lived in mountains
  • Developed roads and bridges
  • Machu Picchu (wonder for architecture and engineering)
  • Homes are earthquake proof because they are made of metamorphic rocks
  • Worships gods of air
  • Legal expression of heavy punishments
• Other early civilizations


  • Olmec
  • Zapotec
  • Mixtec
• Paper-making


  Olmec, Zapotec and Mixtec, but Mayan used this extensively
• Contributions of Asian civilizations

  • China (paper, printing technology, gunpowder, compass, hydraulic engineering, iron casting, brass production, oldest medical system, acupuncture, herbal medicine)
  • India (mathematics, medicine, metallurgy, textile, ship-building, zero, place value system, mathematical equations, algorithms, astronomy)
• Brahmagupta


  Idea of zero, methods of multiplying place value system, idea of mathematical equations, algorithms and astronomical works (e.g. predict when solar eclipse can occur)
• Kerala


  Came after Brahmagupta, developed infinite series leading to pi, trigonometry, calculus and geometry, Pythagorean theorem
• Ayurveda


  System of human over divine intervention, uses herbs and drugs from animal and mineral origins, advocates vaccination, rhinoplasty, and eye surgery
• Zinc extraction was practiced in the 4th century BCE
• Contributions of African civilizations

  • Multiplication, geometric formula, square root, own version of pi
  • Astronomy is important for determining when to return to their land by looking at the sun and stars
  • Dogon culture contains reports of scientific practice
• Scientific practices of African civilizations

  • Discovery of rings of Saturn, moons of Jupiter, spiral structure of Milky Way, movement of sun
  • Hydrotherapy (medicine infused in water), heat therapy, spinal manipulation, quarantine, bone setting, vaccination, autopsy, surgery, skin grafting, dental filling
• Contributions of Egyptian civilization


  • Paper and ink (papyrus and stylus), cosmetics, toothbrush, breath mint
  • Manufacturing, goods, beer brewing
  • Household goods (handheld mirror)
  • Toothpaste made from rock salt, mint, iris petal and pepper or ox hooves, ash, mixed with saliva
  • Pyramids of Giza, strict adherence to standard procedure
  • Water pumping techniques
  • Astronomical observations for spiritual and practical purposes (passage of time, seasons, weather, harvesting)
  • Improved concept of calendar by adding moon cycles
• Notable Egyptian medical works

  • Ebers papyrus (trauma, cancer, heart disease, depression, dermatology, gastroenterology)
  • Edwin Smith papyrus (anatomy and physiology)
  • London medical papyrus (practical medical skills with spells, eye problems to miscarriage)
• Egyptian Hesyre


  First dentist
• Dental problems


  Caused by toothworm
• Contributions of Arab region


  • Mathematics, astronomy, architecture, horticulture, to glorify Islam
• Muhammad ibn Musa


  Contributed to mathematics
• Abu al-Wafa Muhammad al-Buzjani


  First to show generality of sine theorem
• Abu Ali ibn Sina (Avicenna)


  Wrote the Book of Healing and Canon of Healing, principal guide of medical science, first to describe meningitis
• Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi

  First to use alcohol for medical purposes, first to use opium for anesthesia
• BS (Bachelor of Science) and BA (Bachelor of Arts)

  Both contain vast bodies of knowledge to explore, however a distinction between the two is necessary
• Distinction between BS and BA

  Could be traced to historicity: with the arts and humanities as the precursor staple for schools since the ancient times and the science label only emerging later in the 17th century
• The Scientific Method


  • Provided for a technique to generate workable ideas not only on the scientific fields but also on the liberal arts
  • Generally contains a repeating cycle of observation, questioning, hypothesizing and testing
  • Being used from the social sciences such as business, economics and human psychology to the natural sciences like medicine, physics and chemistry
• Epistemology


  The sub-branch of Philosophy that debated how we came to know what we know, and tried to define the limits of our knowing
• Rationalism


  Posits that adopted beliefs should be based on reason and knowledge rather than religious beliefs or emotional response
• Empiricism


  The belief that all knowledge comes from sense experience
• First man made tools from stone, wood etc (10 million years ago)

  
• First boats were constructed

  10,000 BCE
• Forming a hypothesis based on an observation, setting a replicable experiment, and the rational interpretation of the results

  Are all in the spirit of Rationalism and Empiricism
• Glass was first made by man

  3500 - 5000 BCE
• Together, Rationalism and Empiricism qualify if a certain statement or knowledge can be considered Scientific